Test 1

Opium contains what?

morphine, codeine, thebaine

amphetamine is…

fully synthetic

which of these is an organization for drug chemists?

CLIC

drug analogs are sometimes referred to as…

designer drugs

Forms of drug classification?

legal schedule, usage, effect

benzodiazepines replaces … for treatment of anxiety disorders

barbituarates

which of these is a natural drug?

mescaline

what type of drug is used for pain relief

analgesic

are isomers controlled substances?

sometimes

herion is synthesized from

morphine

which tends to be the first color test used on evidence?

marquis

the evidence bag contains prescription tablets. What do you do first?

pharmaceutical identification

an example of a category A analysis

MS

mass spectrometry uses what to create ions

electrons

what can you add to drugs to enhance the effects

adulterant

an example of a category C analysis

color test

a test that isn’t commonly used anymore

microcrystalline test

what are the minimum testing guidelines for calling a result

one category A, one category B

what substance would not analyze well with FTIR

salt

what is the study of what the body does to drugs?

pharmacokinetics

pharmacokinetics is comprised of four steps, what is not one of them

ingestion

which method of intake is subject to first pass metabolism

oral

what happens in the distribution phase of pharmacokinetics?

the drug enters the cells/tissues

what order of kinetics is used for blood alcohol

zero order

what binds to receptors but does not elicit a response

antagonist

what organization sets standards regarding illicit drug usage in sports

world anti-doping agency

…. compares the amount of drug available after oral ingestion compared to injection

bioavailability

what is the preferred term for how long it takes for a drug to exit the body

clearance rate

metabolism occurs in what organ

liver

you have a blood sample, what prep might you use?

protein removal / salting out

what technique uses the least amount of solvent

SPME

what’s not a form of sample preparation

HPLC

when is an internal standard added

before extraction

what is not a form of extraction

GC

what is a foreign substance to the body

xenobiotic

which is not a form of immunoassay

SPME

a modern breathalyzer uses …. to measure alcohol content in the breath

current

what is the first step in a mass spectrometer

ionizes molecules

what compares the background to the peak height in a spectrum?

signal to noise

what are the classifications of drugs?

origin, function, use, legal schedule

what are the types of origins of drugs?

natural: comes straight from the earth

semi-synthetic: from the earth, but tweaked to make it better

synthetic: made in a lab, very cheap

what are the functions of drugs?

hallucinogen: alters perception of space and time

stimulant: stimulate the central nervous system

depressant: slow the central nervous system

analgesic: pain relief

narcotic: pain relievers, masks the pain by making you high

what are the uses of drugs?

sports performance, club, predator, inhalant

what are the legal schedules two main criteria

whether they have an accepted medical use and their abuse potential

Marijuana characteristics

origin: natural

function: depressant

use:

types of opiates

morphine, codeine, heroin

opiates characteristics

origin: synthetic

function: narcotic

use:

morphine characteristics

origin: natural

function: narcotic

use:

codeine characteristics

origin: natural

function: narcotic

use:

heroin characteristics

origin: semi-synthetic

function: depressant

use:

amphetamine characteristics

origin: synthetic

function: stimulant

use:

cocaine characteristics

origin: natural

function: stimulant

use:

fentanyl characteristics

origin: synthetic

function: analgesic

use:

isomer

two or more compounds with the same formula but different arrangement of atoms in the molecules

analog

chemical compounds that have similar physical, chemical properties

do the same thing but look different

adulterants

a substances added to a product but not listen as an ingredient

a substance that ends up in a produce by accident

diluents

a substance that is used to dilute something

bioavailability

how much you have at the end compared to how much you would have had if you didn’t loose it

xenobiotic

a chemical substance that is foreign to the body

sports performance tox discipline

\-enhancement drug

\-native to the body but given in high amounts to boost performance

types of toxicology disciplines

postmortem, forensic drug testing, blood alcohol, sports performance, drug facilitated sexual assaults

drug testing

\-for recent drug usage

\-workplaces

\-urine, saliva, hair

drug facilitated sexual assault

\-use of a drug to knock out victim

\-forensic nurses

\-extremely difficult to detect

\-urine, blood, hair

blood alcohol

\-used in conjunction with breath alcohol

\-sometimes can come up in postmortem

post mortem toxicology

\-determined by presence of drugs

\-evaluates roles in cause or manner of death

pharmacokinetics - absorption

\-affected by how you get it into your body

\-method of intake

\-intake method affects concentration and rate of absorption

\-first pass metabolism

pharmacokinetics - distribution

\-drug travels to plasma or cells (plasma protein or organs/tissues)

\-distribution varies depending on drug type

\-can distribute even after you die

\-concentration lowers

pharmacokinetics - metabolism

\-breakdown of compounds

\-happens in liver

\-goal: inactivate foreign substance

\-continuous process (keeps going until fully broken down)

pharmacokinetics - elimination

\-excretion from body (urine, feces, tears, sweat, exhalation)

\-measured by half life and clearance rate

pharmacodynamics

the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of a drug

effective and lethal doses

effective: at this dose, 50% of the population will experience the desired effect

Lethal: at this dose, 50% of the population will die

\-drug use history needs to be taken into account

agonists

\-something that fits into the receptor

\-can be endogenous (native) or xenobiotics (foreign)

antagonists

fits into a receptor but doesn’t do anything

\-prevents overdoses

\-used in addiction therapy

first order reactions

\-half life

\-after a certain amount of time, half of it is gone

zero order reactions

doesn’t matter how much you have, you can only eliminate so much

half lives

after a certain amount of time, half of it is gone

compositions of a blood tox sample

\-cellular: red and white cells, platelets

\-plasma: serum, fibrinogen

composition of a urine tox sample

\-95% water

\-urea, ions, uric acid

composition of a hair tox sample

\-high in carotene

composition of a vitreous fluid tox sample

\-99% water

\-collagen, protein, salt, sugars

toxicology - decontamination

\-mainly for hair

\-separate surface from internal analytes

\-series of washes (organic, aqueous solvents)

toxicology - physical alteration

\-for dense organs/tissues

\-mincing or chopping

\-homogenization

\-enzymatic breakdown

toxicology - protein removal

\-for blood and tissues

\-salting out, organic solvents

\-reagents

\-filtration (centrifugation)

toxicology - lipid removal

\-things with large amounts of fatty tissues

\-NO stable emulsion

toxicology - hydrolysis

\-break down molecules with water

\-use on conjugated drug metabolites

liquid-liquid extraction

\-combine two immiscible liquids and shake

\-have to choose a solvent

\-analytes go to whichever solvent they like better

Solid-phase extraction

\-uses bonded solid instead of organic solvent

\-easy, efficient, rapid

\-no solids (blood clots, etc)

\-condition, load, rinse, elute

solid-phase microextraction

\-like SPE but with microliter scale

\-solid phase in syringe like device

\-easy, applicable, no solvent needed

drug analysis pyramid

Marquis test

go to color test

heroin: purple

fentanyl: light orange

cocaine: no reaction

marijuana: no reaction

meckes test

heroin: dark green

fentanyl: light green

cocaine: no reaction

marijuana: no reaction

Froehde test

heroin: dark purple → green

fentanyl: no reaction

cocaine: no reaction

marijuana: no reaction

mandolin color test

heroin: reddish-brown

fentanyl: no reaction

cocaine: orangish-yellow

marijuana: no reaction

Cobalt Thiocyanate test

heroin: no reaction

fentanyl: no reaction

cocaine: bright blue (used mostly for this)

marijuana: no reaction

sodium Nitroprusside test

heroin: no reaction

fentanyl: no reaction

cocaine: no reaction

marijuana: no reaction

pharmaceutical identification

look at numbers, letter or text on pills or drugs

microscopic characteristics for marijuana

covering hairs, cystolithic hairs, glandular hairs, resin pods, lead color

covering hairs

\-tiny, frosty hairs covering the plant

cystolithic hairs

\-bear claws

\-found on upper surface of leaves

glandular hairs

\-resin heads that sit on top of the stalk