PACOP. Pcol (blue)

Dextromethorphan

A stereoisomer of methylated derivative of levorphanol used as antitussive:

Nexium

An example of a weakly basic prodrug that when protonated, form covalent disulfide linkages with H+/K+ ATPase and inactivates it:

Nizatidine

Which H2-receptorblocker has an almost complete oral bioavailability?

Pepsin

Antacids prevent the formation of this proteolytic enzyme that is thought to mediate tissue injury in gastric ulceration.

Narcan

The drug of choice fr the management of respiratory depression induced by opioid analgesics:

Histamine

This acts as the common mediator and the most potent stimulus of gastric acid secretion:

All of the above

One of the most common adverse effect associated with inhaled corticosteroids:

A. Huskiness of voice

B. Dysphonia

C. All of the above

D. None of the above

Its irreversible acetylation of COX.

Aspirin’s anti-inflammatory effect is due to:

\# of mEq of HCl required to maintain 1mL of an antacid suspension at pH 3 for 2hrs in vitro.

Antacids are compared quantitatively in terms of acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC). ANC is defined as the:

Somatostatin

Considered as one of the major inhibitor of dastric acid secretion through its inhibition of histamine release from ECL cells:

Which is the correct sequence for decreasing potency of inhaled corticosteroids?

Fluticasong proprionate > Budesonide > beclomethasone dipropionate > Triamcinolone acetonide

Etoricoxib

Which COX-2 inhibitor has the highest COX – 2 : COX 1 selectivity ratio?

Proton pump

What is the final common pathway of acid secretion in the stomach?

Ketorolac

Which nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug when co-administered with opioids, reduces opioid requirements by 25%?

Calcium carbonate

Which of the ff antacid/s has a fast onset of action, yet has a long duration of action?

Famotidine

Which of the ff. H2 – receptor blocker has the highest potency?

Vitamin B12

Absorption of which vitamin is reduced especially during prolonged therapy of proton pump inhibitors?

Indomethacin

This nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug should not be used for trivial or minor problems associated with pain due to its potential serious untoward effects?

Naltrexone

Which was the proposed maintenance drug in the treatment programs for opioid addiction?

Ibuprofen

This nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug is as effective as mefenamic acid in relieving dysmenorrheal:

Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase

A 70 year old, male, patient post coronary angiography bypass graft ( CABG) with elevated LDL is managed with Simvastatin. What is the mechanism of action of Simvastatin?

It inactivates the conversion of plasminogen to lasmin

A 501 year old, female patient arrives to the Emergency Department due to the severe chest pain. Electrocardiogram revealed that she has an acute myocardial infarction. The medical resident-on-duty gave Streptokinase as her first dose. What is the mechanism of action of Streptokinase?

Prolongation of the PR interval

The ECG of the patient with Digoxin as his treatment in the therapeutic dose range would likely to show

Distal convoluted tubule

The major segment of the nephron where the diuretic action of the thiazides took place

cortical collecting tubule

What segments of nephron where the diuretic action of Spironolactone took place?

Decreased requirement for myocardial oxygen

The activity of propranolol in the treatment of angina pectoris is the result of this mechanism

Propanolol

A 56 year old male patient, with hypertension and DM type 2. He managed his diabetes by insulin. What antihypertensive drug should not be used on his case?

Amlodipine

The ff. drug is considered to be the most effective in the prevention of ischemic episodes in patients with angina.

Triamterene

The diuretic agent that conserves the K+ ions in the body

Spironolactone

A case of a 60 year old male patient with developed gynecomastia and erectilr dysfunction due to the treatment of this particular diuretic agent.

Verapamil may enhance the AV-blocking effect of Digoxin

What is the effect of combining Digoxin to Verapamil?

Ability to be metabocally altered to an active form

The patient was given Mannitol 100g for the treatment of his oliguria. Of the following, which is the least likely to be associated with the effect of Mannitol.

Hydrochlorothiazide

Which of the ff. diuretics caused hyperglycemia, hypomagnesemia and hyperuricemia?

Verapamil

Prophylactic drug for paroxysmal atrial tachycardia

cGMP

Patient has an angina pectoris treated with sublingual nitroglycerin. Which of the ff. is involved in the mechanism of actions of nitroglycerin?

Increases excretion of Cl, Mg, uric acid, Ca, and phosphate

Patient has hypertension and diabetic neuropathy. His medication is Losartan. What would be the mechanism of actions of his medication?

Decreased stroke volume index

The ff. statements are true about the mechanisms of action of Carvedilol in the treatment of CHF, EXCEPT

Decrease in conduction velocity

What is the therapeutic effect of Digoxin in the atrioventricular node?

Arrythmia

What is the effect of digoxin in atrial muscle at toxic dose?

Decrease in refractory period

What is the therapeutic effect of digoxin in Purkije system?

Tachycardia

What is the toxic effect of digoxin in Purkije system?

Spironolactone

Which of the ff. diuretic agent bhas no effect or no changes in K+ urinary electrolytes?

Potassium

What electrolyte is primarily decreased in the combination of ethacrynic acid and cardiac glycosided?

Factor VIII

What is the coagulation factor released by Desmopressin?

Apostosis

This mode of hepatocyte death is associated with cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation and lack of inflammation?

BAL

The first clinically used chelating agent

2,3-dimercaptopropanol

Chemical name of British Anti-Lewisite

Penicillamine

hydrolytic product of penicillin used for the removal of copper in persons with Wilson’s disease

Triethylene tetramine

An orally active chelating agent alternative for persons who have developed a sensitivity to penicillamine.

Arsenic

Peripheral vascular disease has been observed in persons with chronic exposure to this toxic metal drinking water in Taiwan and in Chile. The disease is manifested by acrocyanosis and Raynaud’s Phenomenon

Disorder affecting the fingers and toes causing them to become blue and cold at low temperatures.

Acrocyanosis is a feature of Raynaud’s disease. It is defined as:

Arsine

A potent hemolytic agent formed by the reaction of hydrogen with arsenic and is generated as a by-product in the nonferrous metals

Beryllium

Exposure to insoluble compounds of this toxic metal produced as syndrome, first described among fluorescent lamp workers, characterized by shortness of breath, clubbing of fingers and cyanosis. The toxic metal is:

Lead

The most ubiquitous toxic metal

Lead

Clinically overt encephalopathy may occur in children with high exposure to this toxic metal. Symptoms begin with lethargy, irritability, loss of appetite, dizziness progressing to obvious ataxia, a reduced level of consciousness which may progress to coma and death. This toxic metal is:

Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate

Metallic nickel combines with carbon monoxide to form nickel carbonyl, which decomposes to pure nickel and carbon monoxide on heating to 200°C. this is extremely toxic. The preferred drug for nickel toxicity is:

Cobalt

Cardiomyopathy has been caused by an excessive intake of this essential metal, particularly from drinking of beer to which 1ppm of this metal was added to enhance its foaming qualities. This essential metal is:

Tarichatoxin

The puffrfish poison, tetrodotoxin, are one and the same with the newt poison called:

dilution or therapy with milk or wter immediately after ingestion

Treatment of choice for acid ingestion

Dilution or therapy with milk or wter immediately after ingestion

Treatment of choice for alkali ingestion

Chelonitoxin

Sea turtle poisoning symptoms are vomiting, diarrhea, sore lips and tongue, foul breath, white coating on the tongue, tightness of the chest, coma and death. The etiologic agent is:

Toxicokinetics

Denotes the absorption, distribution, excretion, and metabolism of toxins, toxic doses of therapeutic agents and their metabolites

Toxicodynamics

Used to denote the injurious effects of toxins, toxic doses of therapeutic agents and their metabolites on vital function

Esmolol

Antidote for caffeine poisoning:

Methotrexate

A folic acid antagonist that binds to the active catalystic site of dihydrofolate reductase, interfering with the synthesis of the reduced form that accepts one-carbon units

Rheumatoid arthritis

Methotrexate also has important applications in the treatment of:

Mercaptopurine

The firt of the thiopurine series found useful as an anticancer drug

Allopurinol

Frequently used with chemotherapu in hematologic cancers to prevent hyperuricemia after tumor cell lysis

Topoisomerase I

Enzyme responsible for cutting and relegating single DNA strands. Inhibition of this enzyme results in DNA damage.

Camptothecins

Natural products that interfere with the activity of Topoisomerase I

Paclitaxel

An alkaloid ester derived from the Western Yew (Taxus brevifolia) and the European Yew ( Taxus baccata)

Dactinomycin

Used in combination with surgery and vincristine in the adjuvant treatment of Wilm’s tumor

Bone marrow depression

Major dose-limiting toxicity of dactinomycin

Plicamycin

Formerly known as Mithramycin, isolated from Streptomyces plicatus

Streptomyces caespitosus

Mitomycin is isolated from:

Bleomycin

A series of antineoplastic antibiotics produced by Streptomyces verticillus

Hot flushes

Tamoxifen has proved to be extremely useful for the treatment of breast cancer. Most frequent side effect of Tamoxifen is:

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Predominant form of leukemia in childhood and the most common form of leukemia in children.

Choriocarcinoma of the uterus

First metastatic cancer cured with chemotherapy

Cisplatin and paclitaxel

Current treatment of choice for carcinoma of the ovary includes:

Asparaginase

An enzyme that is isolated from various bacteria used to treat childhood acute leukemia

Mitoxanthrone

This anthracene compound whose structure resembles the anthracycline ring was recently approved for treatment of refractory acute leukemia

Tolbutamide

What is the safest 1st generation sulfonylurea for elderly diabetics

Insulin glargine

Which among the ff. insulin is the most recently developed long acting insulin analog that has a dose- dependent onset of action of 1-2 hours and duration of action of more than 24 hours.

Glimepiride

Which among the ff. sulfonylureas achieves blood glucose lowering at the lowest dose

Exenatide

What is the first incretin therapy to become availabe in the treatment of diabetes.

Glicentin

It is a 69-amino acid peptide which contains the glucagon sequence interposed between peptide extensions

Human insulin recombinant

Which among the ff. is available in inhaled form of rapid acting insulin

Islet amyloid polypeptide

This hormone modulates appetite, gastric emptying time and glucagon and insuling secretion.

Insulin glargine

This is a soluble "peakless" ultra long acting insulin analog

Grave's Disease

It is the end state of untreated hypothyroidism which is associated with progressive weakness, stupor, hypothermia, hypoventilation, hypoglycemia and death.

Thyroid storm

It is the sudden acute exacerbation of all the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, presenting as a life-threatening syndrome.

Nontoxic goiter

It is a syndrome of thyroid enlargement without excessive thyroid hormone production.

Cushing's syndrome

This is usally the result of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia secondary to an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma

Gossypol

This compound destroys seminiferous epithelium but does not significantly alter the endocrine function of the testis

A potent substituted anilide antiandrogen which is not a steroid but it behaves like a competitive antagonist at the androgen receptor

Flutamide

Stage of surgical anesthesia

At what stage of anesthesia does recurrence of regular respiration and extension to complete cessation of spontaneous respiration occur?

Thiopental

It is the commonly used barbiturate to induce anesthesia

Liver

At what site does amide containing local anesthetics is converted to more water soluble metabolites and then excreted in the urine?

Deoxycortisone

This serves as a precursor of aldosterone