RAP E2

Scapula

Spine of Scapula

Acromian Process

Supraspinous Fossa

Infraspinous Fossa

Subscapular Fossa

Superior Boarder of Scapula

Lateral / Axillary Border of Scapula

Vertebral Border of Scapula

Inferior Angle of Scapula

Coracoid Process (🪶)

Glenoid Fossa

Humerus

Superior end of Humerus

Anterior end of Humerus

Greater Tubercle of Humerus

Lesser Tubercle of Humerus

Intertubercular Groove of Humerus

Deltoid Tuberosity of Humerus

Medial Epicondyle of Humerus

Lateral Epicondyle of Humerus

Caputilum of Humerus

Trochlea of Humerus

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Clavicle

Metacarpals

Carpals

Coronoid Process of Ulna

Distal Phalanges

Hamate

Head of Humerus

Head of Radius

Middle / Intermediate Phalanges

Olecranon Fossa of the Humerus

Olecranon of the Ulna

Proximal Phalanges

Radial Notch of the Ulna

Radial Tuberosity of the Radius

Radius

Scaphoid

Styloid Processes of the Radius and Ulna

Trochlear Notch of the Ulna

Ulna

Acromioclavicular Ligament

Annular Ligament

Coracoacromical Ligament

Radial Collateral Ligament

Ulnar Collateral Ligament

Anterior Deltoid, Abduction

Biceps Brachii (front is short-head, adduction, back is long-head, abduction)

Brachialis, Flexion

Brachioradialis, Flexion, Pronation, Supernation

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis, Extension and Abduction

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris, Extension and Adduction

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus, Extension and Abduction

Brachioradialis, Flexion, Pronation and Supernation

Extensor Digitorum, Extension

Flexor Carpi Radialis, Flexion and Abduction

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, Flexion and Adduction

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis, Flexion

Infraspinatus, External Rotation, Abduction

Latissimus Doris, Internal Rotation, Adduction

Lower Trapezius, Depression

Middle Deltoid, Lateral Rotation and Abduction

Middle Trapezius, Abduction

Palmaris Longus, Flexion

Pectoralis Major, Flexion and Adduction

Pectoralis Minor, Elevation (?)

Posterior Deltoid, Extension, External Rotation

Pronator Quadratus, Pronation

Pronator Teres, Pronation (Both sides)

Rhomboids, Elevation

Serratus Anterior, Respiration (Elevation?)

Subscapularis, Adduction and Rotation

Supinator, Supination

Supraspinatus, Abduction

Teres Major, extension, internal rotation, adduction

Teres Minor, Adduction

Triceps Brachii, Extension

Upper Trapezius, Elevation

Axillary Artery

Axillary Vein

Brachial Artery

Brachial Vein

Medial Cubital Vein

Radial Artery

Ulnar Artery

Radial Vein

Ulnar Vein

What are the 2 Major Sections of the Nervous System?

1. Central NS: Brain and Spinal Cord
2. Peripheral NS: All other nervous tissue

What are the 3 functions of the Nervous System? / Neural Pathway

1. Sensory Function: Receptors in PNS detect stimuli, sensory info is transmitted to the CNS via a sensory neuron
2. Integrative Function: CNS integrates info, and decides on an outcome
3. Motor Function: CNS transmits motor response to the PNS via a motor neuron, action is carried out by effectors

What are the 3 sections of the PNS?

* Somatic NS: In charge of voluntary actions, including touch, pressure, pain, temperature and stretch. Includes special sensors. Has 2 Divisions
* Sensory Division: Receptors in skeletal muscle, joints, and special sensors relay information TO CNS
* Motor Division: Response FROM the CNS is transmitted to skeletal muscle, joins and special sensors

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* Autonomic NS: In charge of automatic processes, including breathing, heartbeat, digestion and hormone release. Has 2 divisions:
* Sensory Division: Receptors in autonomic organs and glands transmit information TO the CNS
* Motor Division: Response FROM the CNS is transmitted to autonomic organs and glands
* Also has 2 classifications: Sympathetic (fight or flight) and Parasympathetic (rest or digest)

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* Enteric NS: Newer classification, in charge of nervous tissue in the gut. Has 2 sections:
* Sensory Division: Receptors in the GI tract transmit information TO the CNS
* Motor Division: Response FROM the CNS to the smooth muscle cells, glands and endocrine cells in the GI (AUTONOMIC)

List the 6 Structures of the Neuron and their Functions.

* Cell Body / Soma: Contains nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles, and receives and integrates information from receptors and other neurons
* Dendrites: Projects off the cell body, receives information from other cells to take into cell body, and are the site of input for neurons
* Axon: Tube coming off cell body, carries AP away from the cell, propagates it towards another neuron or effector
* Axon Terminal: Comes off the end of the axon and connects to other cells to transmit electrical impulses /AP
* Synaptic End Bulbs: The swollen ends of the axon terminal where neurotransmitters are stores
* Myelin Sheath: Made of Schwann cells, covers the axon to keep electrical impulses inside, and increases the speed of electrical impulse transfer

Draw and Label a Neuron

What are the 3 structural classifications of the neuron?

* Multipolar: Several dendrites, single axon, makes up most of CNS neurons and all motor neurons
* Bipolar: Single main dendrite, single axon, for special sensors
* Unipolar: Dendrites and axon are fused as a continuous process, cell body is to the side

What are the 3 functional classifications of neurons?

* Afferent / Sensory
* Efferent / Motor
* Interneuron: Transmits information between afferent and efferent neurons, only in the CNS

What is a neuroglia?

All other nervous tissue except neurons.

What are the 4 types of Neuroglia in the CNS?

1. Astrocytes: Star-shaped, maintain optimum chemical environment in the BBB
2. Oligodendrocytes: Octupus-like, wrap around axon, form and maintain myelin sheath in the CNS.
3. Microglia: Small, spine-like processes, act as phagocytes by removing damaged tissue, trigger further immune response, it also destroys damaged tissue in CNS.
4. Ependymal: cuboidal cells with microvilli and cilia, lines ventricles and central canal and produce and circulate cerebral spinal fluid.

CAOME (Can’t always offer meals everybody!)

What are the 2 PNS neuroglia?

1. Satellite cells: surround cell bodies on neurons of PNS ganglia for structural support, exchange materials from cells bodies and interstitial fluid.
2. Schwann cells: Form myelin sheath in PNS, each cell myelinated a single axon.

What is neuroregeneration?

Growth and repair of nervous tissue and cells.

* In the CNS, there is little neuroregeneration, due to inhabitory influences from neuroglia, and rapid formation of scar tissue
* In the PNS, neuroregeneration occurs if cell body is intact, Schwann cells are functional, and scar tissue doesn’t rapidly form. The steps are:
* -

What are the 6 collections of nervous tissue?

Clusters of neuron cell bodies

* Ganglion (PNS)
* Nucleus (CNS)

Bundle of Axons

* Nerve (PNS)
* Tract (CNS)

White and Grey Matter

* White (Myelinated axons)
* Grey (Neurons, cell bodies, unmylinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia)