Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person (Q2-Lesson 1-3)

Philosophical Method

Also known as Philosophical Methodology

Philosophical Method

The study of how to do Philosophy

Truth

is the property of sentences, assertions, beliefs, thoughts, or propositions that are said, in ordinary discourse, to agree with the facts or to state what the case is.

Truth

is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standard.

Truth

is sometimes defined in modern contexts as an idea of "truth to self", or authenticity.

Proposition

Statement about the world or reality

Proposition

May or may not carry truth

Knowledge

The clear awareness and understanding of something

Claim

A statement that is not evidently or immediately known to be true

Fact

Propositions or statements which are observed to be real or truthful

Fact

Something concrete that can be proven

Fact

Something which has actually taken place or is known to have existed

Opinion

Is defined as less concrete and is the view formed in the mind of a person about a particular issue.

Opinion

An inconclusive statement, used in subject matters, which can't be proven true or false

Statement of Hypothesis or Hypothesis

An assumption made in an attempt to explain an observation. Though, an observation is a fact and an Hypothesis is an opinion.

Statement of Theory or Theory

An opinion that is widely believed explanation for a group of observation

Statements of Assumption or Assumptive Statements

An opinion that is an improvable prediction

Statements of Value or value statements

Any claim that is based on someone's belief

Statements of Exaggeration

Often attempts to sway the reader to a certain belief.

Ad Hominem

Means Against the Man and is about attacking the person instead of the argument itself

Ad Ignorantiam

Means appeal to ignorance and it occurs when someone asserts a claim that must be accepted because no one else can prove otherwise.

Ad Misericordiam

Also known as appeal to pity and is about someone that seeks to gain acceptance by pointing out an unfortunate consequence that befalls them.

Ad Populum

APPEAL TO THE PEOPLE/ APPEAL TO POPULARITY / AUTHORITY OF THE MANY / BANDWAGON

Ad Populum

A proposition is claimed to be true or good solely because many people believe it to be so

Ad Baculum

Appeal to Force/ Appeal to stick

Ad Baculum

Rests on a threatened or implied use of force to induce acceptance of its conclusion.

Petitio Principii

CIRCULAR REASONING/ BEGGING THE QUESTION

Petitio Principii

Occurs when the conclusion of an argument is assumed in the phrasing of the question itself

POST HOC, ERGO PROPTER HOC

it is assumed that, because one thing happened after another, it must have occurred as a result of it

Genetic Fallacy

Thinking that because X derives from Y, and Y has a certain property, X must have the same property also.

False Dilemma

someone is only given two choices for possible alternatives when more than two exist.

Red Herring

Someone uses irrelevant information to distract from the argument.

Slippery Slope

Someone assumes a very small action will lead to extreme outcomes.

False Analogy Fallacy

You make an assumption about two things that are alike. Because they are alike in one respect, it is assumed they are alike in another

Straw Man Fallacy

Someone appears to be refusing the original point made, but is actually arguing a point that wasn't initially made

Sweeping Generalization

A very broad application is applied to a single premise.

Hasty Generalization

Type of informal generalization makes an assumption based on a small sample and can lead to stereotypes

Dichotomous Being

Body and Soul/Spirit

Body and Soul/Spirit

the 2 factors making up a Dichotomous Being

Trichotomous Being

Body, Soul, and Spirit

Body, Soul, and Spirit

the 3 factors making up a Trichotomous being

Pneuma

Greek word for spirit meaning breathe

Psuche

Greek word for soul meaning physical life and "eternal" meaning vitality of God.

Soma

Greek term for Body

Body

The physical side of a person.

Soul

The life of a person. The animating principle of a person, and is responsible for imagination, memory, reason, and emotions. The center of the ego or personality

Spirit

The spiritual side of man. It interacts with God and the spiritual realm through its own set of "senses," things like faith, hope, and prayer.

Survival

The body's most important business.

Intellect

enables man to discern between what is right and what is wrong;

Sensibility

appeals to him to do the one or the other

Will

decide the issue

Conscience

peculiar power of decimation and impulsion

Conscience

The knowledge of self in relation to a known law of right and wrong

Suneidesis

Greek word for Conscience that means Accompanying knowledge

Will

The soul's power to choose between motives and to direct its subsequent activity according to the motive chosen.

Pre-Existence Theory

Infusionism, According to this theory, souls have existed in a previous state and enter the human body at some point in the development of the body.

Plato, Philo, and Origen

Held the view of Pre-existence theory

Origen

According to him/her, God had created the souls of all the intelligent beings. These souls, at first fully devoted to God, fell away from him and were given physical bodies.

Philo Judaeus

The soul has descended into the world of matter, and it is up to each individual, by stripping himself of earthly passions, to bring about the his soul's ascent to God

Philo of Alexandria

Other names for Philo Judaeus

Plato

According to him, The soul was the "real" part of the person, temporarily attached to a physical body, but immortal.

The Rational

responsible for thought, reason, deliberation, and inquiry.

The Passionate

responsible for passion, love, and spirit / emotion.

The Appetitive

responsible for (bodily) desires / appetite

Tradux

Latin word for Inherit

Traducianism

A person inherits his soul from his parents.

Creationism

Life begins at the moment of conception.
• The soul is an immediate creation of God. It enters the body, probably at conception. The body alone is propagated from past generations.

Evil

• A troubled conscience; diseased by guilt. Guilt is heavy, it is oppressive, and by its very nature suffocates the soul.

Defiled

A contaminated conscience; so polluted that he cannot ascertain good from evil, because his standard is corrupt.

Weak

The conscience has not matured in knowledge to be able to take action apart from doubt; to be weak in faith.

Good

Need for the workings of faith ( 1Tim 1:5, 1:19); having good motives; displaying motives that will not result in a guilty conscience.

Pure

Conscience that only sought God. Anything that was outside God had no place in a person

Sacred

Having a sincere faith and manifesting it at all times, not pretending but living it daily within the premise of FREE CHOICE

The Body

Part of man that is aware of and reacts with the outside world- world awareness.

Reception

information is received through external and eternal senses

Reaction

the body reacts through the motor system through words and actions.

Expression

the body can express thoughts, feelings, and decisions of the soul

Soul Sickness

Used to describe the inner hurts of the soul.

Soul Sickness

Soul Injury

Soul Sickness

A breakdown of the emotions and mind will lead to a breakdown in the body.

Embodied Spirit

An animating core living within each of us

Embodied Spirit

The driving force behind what we actually think, do, and say

Self-Awareness

a clear perception of oneself, including own thoughts, emotions, identity, and actions.

Externality

able to connect and interact with another person, an animal or an inanimate object

Self-Determination

The capability of persons to make choices and decisions based on their own preferences, monitor and regulate their actions, and be goaloriented and self-directed.

Dignity

An inherent value and importance. This is associated to the absolute individual rights- an inalienable being that cannot be separated from humanity.

Facticity

refers to the things in our life that are already given

Spatial-Temporal Being

As temporal beings, our most obvious limitation is our finitude - our finite quality or state.

Trascendence

is the ability to change, be dynamic, and continually redefining one's self which works with our facticity to create change.

Environmental Philosophy

the discipline that studies the moral relationships of human beings with the environment and its non-human contents.

Sustainable Development

The development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Prudence

is the ability to regulate one's actions and behaviors

Environmental Integrity

Maintaining the state of the environment.

Economic Efficiency

Prudence in decision-making regarding the use of resources to ensure that there is minimum to zero waste.

Equity

Demands that we use our natural resources in such a manner that these are conserved so that the next generation will be able to use them.

Frugality

being thrifty with the use of resources.

Environmental Ethics

studies the moral relationship of human beings to, and also the value and moral status of, the environment and this non-human contents.

Anthropocentrism

focuses on the significant role of humankind in the world and considers nature as the means by which humans are able to meet their needs and survive.

Anthropocentrism

believes that humans are the most important species on the planet and they are free to transform nature and use its resources.

Pathocentrism

inherent value is attributed to those living beings that are able to experience pain, which becomes manifest in observable behaviour, such as trembling or attempts to flee. Hence, at least higher animals and human beings have a right to protection.