PBS: EOC Review

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5 steps to crime scene investigation

1. secure crime scene
2. label evidence, draw
3. take photos
4. collect evidence
5. conduct interviews

3 primary fingerprint ridge patterns

arch, whorl, and loops

What is the glaister equation?

used to determine time of death
98.4- recorded temp/1.5hr

Does the glaister equation work for all ambient temperatures?

No. Other outside factors matter like if the body was outside in the sun.

What are the steps to experimental design?

1. Hypothesis
2. Experiment
3. Analyze data
4. Conclusion

Dependent and independent variable

Dependent: what is changing or being measured because of the independent
Independent: gets changed, being manipulated by the experimenter

Algor mortis

The reduction of body temp after death

Rigor mortis

Body stiffens after death

Lividity

Discoloration such as bruises

PPE

Personal Protective Equipment
minimizes exposure to hazards

Control group

Basis, doesn't change; what the experiment is compared to

Forensic science

Gathering and examining information to use in a court of law.

Biomedical science

Study of sciences from a clinical perspective. (anatomy, physiology)

What shape is a blood drop if it falls from 90 degrees?

circular, NOT oblong/oval

What is DNA?

Double helix responsible for inherited traits. Made from billions of base pairs bonded together to a sugar phosphate back bone.

Which base pairs bond together?

A + T (adenine and thymine)
G + C (guanine and cytosine)

Which base pairs are purines and pyrimidines?

purines\= A + G
pyrimidines\= C + T

How do scientists isolate DNA to study it?

DNA can be extracted from cells by using detergent to break down the cells nuclear membrane and adding isopropyl alcohol to separate the DNA from the rest of the cell materials.

What are restriction enzymes?

They cut DNA.

What is restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP's)?

The different lengths of DNA after being cut that vary person to person.

What is gel electrophoresis?

Separates DNA by length.
It is pushed by an electrical field through a gel that contains small pores.
Compares an unknown DNA to a known DNA.

What direction does RFLPs move?

Negative to positive because DNA is negative.

Which RFLPs move the farthest?

Small fragments

4 circumstances autopsies are preformed

Foul play, no witnesses, when manner and cause of death cannot be determined

Who performs autopsies?

Medical examiner

Function of urinary system

Kidneys and bladder
Eliminates waste from body and regulates water balance

Function of nervous system

Brain and spinal chord
Responds to internal and external changes

Endocrine system

Pancreas
Secretes hormones that regulate body

Digestive system

Stomach and intestines
Breaks down food

Respiratory system

Lungs
Carries oxygen through the body and blood

Cardiovascular system

Heart and blood
Pumps blood around body

Immune system

Attacks foreign substances in the body

5 manners of death

Homicide, suicide, undetermined, natural, accidental

When can HIPAA be legally violated?

By court order or to send information to the health census.

Type 1 diabetes

Body does not make insulin.
Requires insulin shots.

Type 2 diabetes

Body is resistant to insulin.
Body produces so much from being overweight

How is glucose tolerance testing used to diagnose diabetes?

Testing blood samples every 30 minutes after drinking a high glucose drink.

What is the relationship between insulin and glucose?

Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas. It's job is to allow glucose to enter the cells. Insulin attaches to receptors on the cell membrane which signals the glucose transporter to open the glucose channels.

Homeostasis

Regulating of the bodies internal temperature

Positive feedback

Increases the body's response
i.e. childbirth, blood clotting

Negative feedback

Decreases the body's response
i.e. thirst, output of glucose

Chemical indicator for starch/ what color does it turn

Iodine solution/ purple

Chemical indicator for sugar/ what color does it turn

Benedicts solution/ yellow

Chemical indicator for protein/ what color does it turn

Biuret's Reagent/violet or pinkish

What does a diabetics diet consist of?

High protein/ low carbs and sugar

What do carbohydrates do in the body?

Main source of energy

What does glucose do in the body?

Produces ATP (used for energy)

What do proteins do in the body?

Build and repair muscle

What do lipids do for the body?

Supply energy and provide material for cell membrane.

Dehydration synthesis

Removes water; Releases energy Creates larger molecules (polymers) from monomers

Hydrolysis

Splits water; Requires energy

Breaks larger molecules(polymers) down into its building blocks.

5 complications of diabetes

Nerve damage, kidney damage, blindness, foot damage, cardiovascular disease

Hyperglycemia

Higher than normal blood sugar

hypoglycemia

lower than normal blood sugar

Common name and function of an erythrocyte

Red blood cell
Carry oxygen in the blood

Common name and function of an leucocyte

White blood cell
Fights foreign diseases and infections

Common name and function of thrombocyte

Platelet
Helps with blood clotting

Function of plasma

Where red and white blood cells are suspended

Describe blood flow if red blood cells are sickled

Blood does not flow through smoothly and creates blood clots

What is a hematocrit?

The ratio of red blood cells to blood / measured by centrifuge.

3 potential treatments for sickle cell

Blood transfusions
Antibiotics
Hydroxyurea

Transcription

Synthesis of RNA from a strand of DNA
*when transcribing, change a to u

Translation

mRNA into proteins

What determines the shape of a protein?

Where the DNA folds, by its surroundings, hydrophobicity

What do hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids do in water?

Hydrophobic fold
Hydrophilic absorb

What do hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids do in oil?

Hydrophobic absorb
Hydrophilic fold

Point mutation

Changes one letter which only changes the codon, ex
Changes glutamic acid (hydrophobic) to valine (hydrophilic)

Frameshift mutation

Deletes or adds a base which shifts every codon in the dna

Mitosis

1 chromosome into 2
Creates 2 identical sets of chromosomes

Meiosis

1 chromosome into 4
The 2 daughter cells divide again to form 4 haploid gametes
Reproduction

What is a chromosome?

Structure in the nucleus that are composed of DNA wrapped around a protein core.

How many chromosomes are in human body cells?

46 (23 pairs)

How many chromosomes are in human reproductive cells?

23

Male genotype

XY

Female genotype

XX

Female on pedigree

Circle

Male of pedigree

square

Is sickle cell dominant or recessive?

Recessive

Veins

Bring blood to heart
Thin walls

Arteries

Take blood away from heart
Thick walls

Sphygmomanometer

Determines blood pressure

EKG

Electrocardiogram
Measures electricity within the heart

Systolic

Top number
Pressure in arteries as the ventricles contract and the chambers are emptying

Diastolic

Bottom number
Pressure in arteries when ventricles are relaxed and the chambers are filling with blood

Normal blood pressure

120/80

Is phosphate negative or positive?

negative

P wave

Signal passes from SA NODE to AV NODE
Atria depolarizing

QRS interval

Signal passes from AV NODE through PURKINJE FIBERS and the ventricles contract
Ventricle depolarizing and atria repolarizing

T wave

The ventricles repolarize and the heart is relaxed

Cholesterol

Made by the liver; helps protect the skin and nerve cells function and detoxify blood.

LDL

Low density Lipoprotein
Carries cholesterol through blood to the tissues- if there is too much it stays in the blood
Raises risk of heart disease
Creates plaque (hypercholesterolemia)

HDL

High density lipoprotein
Picks up cholesterol from blood and takes it to liver to be removed from the body
Lowers risk of heart disease
Reduces vessel blockages

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Dominant autosomal genetic disorder (Occurs when a person inherits a dominant allele from one parent)
High levels of LDL plaque buildup in arteries

Heart attack

Myocardial infarction

Metabolic syndrome

Group of risk factors that lead to heart attacks/disease and diabetes.
Ex: high blood sugar, cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure

Angiogram

Detects a blocked blood vessel. A radioactive dye is injected to the blood and X-rays are used to view it.

Angioplasty

A balloon is inserted by a catheter an blown up to expand the artery and restore blood flow.

Stent

Wire mesh inserted into the artery and compresses the plaque and remains in the body.

Coronary artery bypass graft

A vessel in the leg is taken and inserted into the heart to bypass the clogged artery and restore blood flow.

Pulmonary artery

Only artery that carries oxygenated blood.