abnormal and therapy psych

psychological disorders

persistently harmful thoughts, feeling, and behavior that are distressful, deviant, and dysfunctional

standards for deviant behavior vary by_______, by__ ___ __and with_____

context, culture, and time

to be considered disordered, deviant behavior usually causes the person____

distress

medical model

the concept that psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured in a hospital

what is the aim of a diagnostic classification

to describe a disorder, predict its future course, imply appropriate treatment, stimulate research to find its case/cause

DSM IV TR

the American psychiatric associations diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

4th edition

\-widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

why is the DSM IV TR financially necessary

defines a diagnostic process and 16 clinical syndromes

what does the DSM IV TR define and describe

describes various disorders like psychotic disorder where a person uses contact w reality and experiences and irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

what are some criticisms of the DSM IV TR

casts too wide of a net and brings almost any kind of behavior within the compass of psychiatry

what could be a problem with labelling someone

give people feelings of rejection and discrimination

worsen their mental health

anxiety disorders

marked by distressing persistent anxiety or dysfunctional anxiety reducing behaviors

generalized anxiety disorder

continuously tense, apprehensive , and aroused autonomic nervous system

hard to carry out daily activities - edgy, shaky, dizziness

panic disorder

long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

phobias

persistent irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity or situation

OCD

unwanted receptive thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions)

PTSD

haunting memories+nightmares+social withdrawl+anxiety

sensitive limbic systems (floods body w stress hormones)

10% women 20% men

2 specific processes that can contribute to anxiety

stimulus generalization- person gets attacked by a dog fears all dogs

reinforcement- avoiding feared situations reduces anxiety, thus reinforcing phobic behavior

how can observational learning contribute to fears

we learn fear through observational learning by observing others fears

natural selection (anxiety)

biologically prepared to fear what our ancestors feared. other fears like airplanes develop and evolve with modern times

genes (anxiety)

anxiety is inherited

genes influence disorders by regulating neurotransmitters in the brain

the genes can affect the level of serotonin + glutamate in the brain

the brain (anxiety)

over arousal of the brain areas involved in the impulse+habitual behaviors center

somatoform disorders

symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical causes

conversion disorder

very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

hypochondrias

person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

dissociative disorder

conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

dissociative identity disorder

person exhibits 2 or more distinct alternating personalities

what are some criticisms of DID

is it genuine or it is just an extension of our normal capacity for personality shifts

some think therapists make it up

DID is just localized in time and space

mood disorders

psychological disorders charactered by emotional extremes

the number 1 reason people seek mental health services

depression

major depressive disorder

person experiences 2 or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

mania

hyperactive widely optimistic state

bipolar disorder

person alternated between the hopeless and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

its been long known that mood disorders

run in the family

depressed brain findings

less activity in the brain during depressive states, more for mania

hippocampus is vulnerable to stress-related damage- left front lobe is inactive when depressed

what role does norepinephrine and serotonin play in mood disorders

norepinephrine boosts arousal and mood- scarce during depression- opposite in mania

serotonin-scarce during depression

how does learned helplessness lead to depression (social cognitive perspective)

depressed people respond to bad events in a self-focused,self blaming way

explain bad events in terms that are stable, global, and internal.

vicious cycle of depressed thinking

activity level decreases, you become less motivated and lethargic

your depression can get worse with everything

schizophrenia

disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

delusions

false beliefs of grandeur or persecution

word salad; jumbled up ideas that don’t come out right

paranoid tendencies

prone to delusions or persecutions

breakdown of selective attention

se;ectobe agent- cannot filter out minor sounds

hallucinations

hallucinations of 5 senses

most hallucinations are auditory

flat affect

emotionless state

monotonous tone

diminished facial expressions

seems apathetic

catatonia

remain motionless for hours then become agitated

what age does schizophrenia occur

young people maturing into adulthood

possible causes of schizophrenia

excess dopamine- hallucinations+paranoia

abnormal brain activity- low brain activity in the frontal lobes (reasoning, planning, problem solving)

maternal viral infection impairs fetal brain development

how might dopamine affect the onset of schizophrenia

excess dopamine results in the increase of hallucinations and paranoia

genetic factors of schizophrenia

if family member has it (adopted children as well)

\-twins in the same placenta (same prenatal viruses)

some psychological factors that could possible predict schizophrenia

disruptive withdrawn behavior

\-emotional predictability

seperation from parents

\-poor peer relations and solo play

personality disorder

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

avoidant personality disorder

fearful sensitivity to rejection

schizoid personality disorder

emotionless disengagement

histrionic personality disorder

attention-getting

narcissistic personality disorder

self-focused and self-inflating

antisocial personality disorder

person lacks a conscience for wrongdoings even towards friends or family membranes

\-aggressive

ruthless

con artist

eclectic approach

depending on the clients problems, the therapist uses techniques from various forms of therapy

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques

consists of interactions between a trained therapist +someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

psychoanalysis

\-freud

attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

he believed the patients free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences and the interpretation of them

released previous repressed feeling and allows patients to gain insights

aims of psychoanalysis

release repressed emotions and experiences

\-heal

make the unconscious conscious

\-gain insight

free association

method of exploring the unconscious in which a person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrass

resistance (psychoanalysis)

the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

interpretation (psychoanalysis)

the analysts noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors, and events in order to promote insight

transference (psychoanalysis)

the patients transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (love or hate for a parent)

psychodynamic therapy

therapy from the views that individuals are responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences

that seeks to enhance self insight

interpersonal psychotherapy

form of psychotherapy that focuses on relieving symptoms by improving interpersonal functioning

insight therapies

variety of therapies aimed to improve psychological functioning by increasing the clients awareness of underlying motives and defenses

client centered therapies

rogers therapist uses techniques like active listening within a genuine, accepting, and empathic environment to facilitate growth

active listening

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies -rogers

unconditional positive regard

caring accepting no matter what

counterconditioning

uses behavior classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

\-exposure therapies

\-aversive conditioning

exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization that treats anxieties by exposing people to things they fear and avoid

systematic desensitization (exposure therapies)

associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli

treats phobias

VR exposure reality

anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to stimulations of their greatest fears like flying, spiders, and public speaking

aversive conditioning

counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

behavior modification

approach that over time may replace undesirable actions and behaviors with desirable ones

\-praise+approval

\-operant conditioning

token economy

operant conditioning

people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting desired behavior

can later exchange tokens for various privileges or treats

cognitive therapies

teaches new adaptive ways of thinking+acting

based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

cognitive behavioral therapy

combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy (self defeating thinking goes to changing behavior)

family therapy

therapy that treats family as a system

views an individuals unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

meta analysis

procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

evidence based practice

clinical decision making that intergrates the best possible research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

EMDR (eye movement)

therapist moves fingers back and forth and asks you to recall a disturbing events (body and emotional experiences)

then they will shift your memories with pleasant ones

light exposure therapy

people suffering from seasonal affective disorder a timed daily dose of intense light

hope for demoralized people

therapy offers the expectation that with commitment from the therapy seeker, things can and will get better

a new perspective

with a new perspective, client might approach life with a new attitude

empathic, trusting, and caring relationship

effective therapists are empathic people who seek to understand anothers experience

who communicate their care and concern to the client

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or procedures that act on the patients nervous system

psychopharmocology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

antipsychotic drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movements of muscles

side affect of antipsychotic drugs that target dopamine receptors

antianxiety drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

antidepressant drugs

drugs used to treat depression -also more for anxiety

\-different types alteres the availability of various neurotransmitters

mood stabilizing drugs

medications used in the treatment of disturbances of moods, like mania, depression, bipolar

electroconvulsive therapy

boomed therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

rTMS magnetic stimulation

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain’-used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

lobotomy

psychosurgical procedure which was used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients

\-cut nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

aerobic exercise

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness+ alleviated depression and anxiety

adequate sleep

essential in adolescent health+well being of the brain

light exposure

treatment involving exposure to an artificial light and heightens the circadian rhythm system