quiz 7
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1
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**The two organs that play an important role in maintaining acid-base balance are the**
1. liver and gallbladder.
2. liver and kidneys.
3. heart and lungs.
4. lungs and kidneys.
1. liver and gallbladder.
2. liver and kidneys.
3. heart and lungs.
4. lungs and kidneys.
lungs and kidneys.
2
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**2) Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found only within a**
1. blood vessels.
2. lymph.
3. the cells of the body.
4. the interstitial space.
5. the cerebrospinal fluid.
1. blood vessels.
2. lymph.
3. the cells of the body.
4. the interstitial space.
5. the cerebrospinal fluid.
the cells of the body.
3
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**Substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are called**
a. electrons
b. electrolytes
c. non electrolytes
d. osmoregulatory
e. buffers
a. electrons
b. electrolytes
c. non electrolytes
d. osmoregulatory
e. buffers
electrolytes
4
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**Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ________ fluid.** \n \n A) lymphatic \n B) intracellular \n C) plasma \n D) extracellular \n E) cerebrospinal
extracellular
5
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**In an adult female, the body consists of about ________ percent water.**
A) 60
B) 50
C) 40
D) 70
E) 80
A) 60
B) 50
C) 40
D) 70
E) 80
B) 50
6
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**all of the following are components of ECF except**
A) cerebrospinal fluid.
B) peritoneal fluid.
C) lymph.
D) aqueous humor.
E) RBCs.
A) cerebrospinal fluid.
B) peritoneal fluid.
C) lymph.
D) aqueous humor.
E) RBCs.
E) RBCs.
7
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**In a lean adult male, the body consists of about ________ percent water.**
A) 60
B) 90
C) 40
D) 10
E) 80
A) 60
B) 90
C) 40
D) 10
E) 80
A) 60
8
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**The principal cation in intracellular fluid is**
A) sodium.
B) potassium.
C) calcium.
D) magnesium.
E) chloride.
A) sodium.
B) potassium.
C) calcium.
D) magnesium.
E) chloride.
potassium
9
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**The anions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are**
A) sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
B) sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate.
C) sodium, potassium, and chloride.
D) proteins, bicarbonate, and chloride.
E) sodium, potassium, and phosphate.
A) sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
B) sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate.
C) sodium, potassium, and chloride.
D) proteins, bicarbonate, and chloride.
E) sodium, potassium, and phosphate.
proteins, bicarbonate, and chloride.
10
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**Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?**
A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) BNP
D) ANP
E) epinephrine
A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) BNP
D) ANP
E) epinephrine
B) aldosterone
11
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**Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood?**
A) ADH
B) angiotensin II
C) PTH
D) ANP
E) epinephrine
A) ADH
B) angiotensin II
C) PTH
D) ANP
E) epinephrine
ADH
12
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**Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?**
A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) PTH
D) acetylcholine
E) natriuretic peptides
A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) PTH
D) acetylcholine
E) natriuretic peptides
natriuretic peptides
13
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In clinical estimates, ________ of total body water is in the ICF and ________ in the ECF.
A) one-tenth; nine-tenths
B) one-quarter; three-quarters
C) one-half; one-half
D) two-thirds; one-third
E) one-third; two-thirds
A) one-tenth; nine-tenths
B) one-quarter; three-quarters
C) one-half; one-half
D) two-thirds; one-third
E) one-third; two-thirds
d. two-thirds; one-third
14
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**The release of atrial naturetic peptides from the heart will cause the body to**
A) conserve sodium ions.
B) decrease ECF.
C) excrete potassium ions.
D) conserve sodium ions and decrease ECF.
E) excrete sodium ions and decrease ECF.
A) conserve sodium ions.
B) decrease ECF.
C) excrete potassium ions.
D) conserve sodium ions and decrease ECF.
E) excrete sodium ions and decrease ECF.
e. excrete sodium ions and decrease ECF.
15
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Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by all of the following mechanisms except
A) stimulating thirst.
B) causing the release of ADH.
C) triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone.
D) stimulating the kidneys to conserve sodium.
E) increasing PNS activity
A) stimulating thirst.
B) causing the release of ADH.
C) triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone.
D) stimulating the kidneys to conserve sodium.
E) increasing PNS activity
stimulating thirst
16
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**Aldosterone**
A) is secreted in response to decreased levels of potassium in the blood.
B) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.
C) helps decrease blood volume and lower blood pressure.
D) regulates blood calcium levels.
E) regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys.
A) is secreted in response to decreased levels of potassium in the blood.
B) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.
C) helps decrease blood volume and lower blood pressure.
D) regulates blood calcium levels.
E) regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys.
B) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.
17
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**The principal ions in extracellular fluid are sodium, chloride, and**
A) potassium.
B) magnesium.
C) phosphate
D) bicarbonate.
E) iodine.
A) potassium.
B) magnesium.
C) phosphate
D) bicarbonate.
E) iodine.
D) bicarbonate.
18
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**________ promotes water reabsorption at the kidneys and stimulates thirst.**
A) ADH
B) Aldosterone
C) Calcitonin
D) Renin
E) Natriuretic peptide
A) ADH
B) Aldosterone
C) Calcitonin
D) Renin
E) Natriuretic peptide
A) ADH
19
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**The two major subdivisions of the ECF are the**
A) ICF and plasma.
B) interstitial fluid and plasma.
C) lymph and plasma.
D) serous fluids and lymph.
E) interstitial fluid and CSF.
A) ICF and plasma.
B) interstitial fluid and plasma.
C) lymph and plasma.
D) serous fluids and lymph.
E) interstitial fluid and CSF.
B) interstitial fluid and plasma.
20
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The principal ions in intracellular fluid are magnesium, phosphate and
A) sodium.
B) bicarbonate.
C) chloride.
D) calcium.
E) potassium.
A) sodium.
B) bicarbonate.
C) chloride.
D) calcium.
E) potassium.
E) potassium.
21
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**Water molecules move across cells by**
A) osmosis.
B) primary active transport.
C) secondary active transport.
D) activity of the sodium-potassium pump.
E) phagocytosis.
A) osmosis.
B) primary active transport.
C) secondary active transport.
D) activity of the sodium-potassium pump.
E) phagocytosis.
A) osmosis.
22
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**Which hormone does not play a role in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance?**
A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) cortisol
D) atrial natriuretic peptide
E) B-type natriuretic peptide
A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) cortisol
D) atrial natriuretic peptide
E) B-type natriuretic peptide
C) cortisol
23
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**When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,**
A) the osmolarity of the ECF falls.
B) osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.
C) both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute.
D) there is an increase in the volume of the ICF.
E) aldosterone is secreted.
A) the osmolarity of the ECF falls.
B) osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.
C) both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute.
D) there is an increase in the volume of the ICF.
E) aldosterone is secreted.
B) osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.
24
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**When pure water is consumed,**
A) the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF.
B) a fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases.
C) osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.
D) the volume of the ECF decreases.
E) the volume of the ICF decreases
\
A) the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF.
B) a fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases.
C) osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.
D) the volume of the ECF decreases.
E) the volume of the ICF decreases
\
C osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall
25
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**Consuming a meal high in salt will**
A) drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood.
B) result in a temporary increase in blood volume.
C) decrease thirst.
D) cause hypotension.
E) activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism
A) drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood.
B) result in a temporary increase in blood volume.
C) decrease thirst.
D) cause hypotension.
E) activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism
B) result in a temporary increase in blood volume.
26
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**Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the**
A) veins.
B) muscles.
C) tissues.
D) capillaries.
E) arteries.
A) veins.
B) muscles.
C) tissues.
D) capillaries.
E) arteries.
D) capillaries.
27
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**The typical value of water losses and gains each day is**
A) 500 mL.
B) 1000 mL.
C) 1500 mL.
D) 2000 mL.
E) 2500 mL.
A) 500 mL.
B) 1000 mL.
C) 1500 mL.
D) 2000 mL.
E) 2500 mL.
E) 2500 mL.
28
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**The most dangerous problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of**
a) calcium ions.
B) chlorine ions.
C) potassium ions.
D) sodium ions.
E) electrons.
a) calcium ions.
B) chlorine ions.
C) potassium ions.
D) sodium ions.
E) electrons.
C) potassium ions.
29
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**Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone**
A) calcitonin.
B) parathyroid hormone.
C) aldosterone.
D) cortisol.
E) ADH.
A) calcitonin.
B) parathyroid hormone.
C) aldosterone.
D) cortisol.
E) ADH.
B) parathyroid hormone.
30
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**To reduce brain swelling by pulling water out of brain cells, a substance can be injected intravenously to increase the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid. Which of the following properties must this substance lack in order to be effective?**
A) permeable to capillary endothelium
B) nontoxic to neurons
C) permeable to brain plasma membranes
D) impermeable to brain plasma membranes
E) soluble in water
A) permeable to capillary endothelium
B) nontoxic to neurons
C) permeable to brain plasma membranes
D) impermeable to brain plasma membranes
E) soluble in water
C) permeable to brain plasma membranes
31
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**The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by**
A) ADH.
B) aldosterone.
C) parathormone.
D) atrial natriuretic peptides.
E) glucocorticoids.
A) ADH.
B) aldosterone.
C) parathormone.
D) atrial natriuretic peptides.
E) glucocorticoids.
B) aldosterone.
32
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**Alice has been running a marathon and has only been drinking pure water. Which electrolyte imbalance is she likely to experience?**
A) hyponatremia
B) hypernatremia
C) hypercalcemia
D) hypocalcemia
E) hyperkalemia
A) hyponatremia
B) hypernatremia
C) hypercalcemia
D) hypocalcemia
E) hyperkalemia
A) hyponatremia
33
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**A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)**
A) electrolyte.
B) acid.
C) alkali.
D) compensation.
E) buffer.
A) electrolyte.
B) acid.
C) alkali.
D) compensation.
E) buffer.
E) buffer.
34
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**Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by**
A) sweating.
B) the kidneys.
C) the liver.
D) the feces.
E) buffers
A) sweating.
B) the kidneys.
C) the liver.
D) the feces.
E) buffers
B) the kidneys.
35
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**The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to**
A) buffer stomach acid.
B) buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide.
C) limit pH changes caused by metabolic and fixed acids.
D) buffer the urine.
E) increase ventilation
A) buffer stomach acid.
B) buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide.
C) limit pH changes caused by metabolic and fixed acids.
D) buffer the urine.
E) increase ventilation
C) limit pH changes caused by metabolic and fixed acids.
36
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**A(n) ________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere.**
A) respiratory
B) volatile
C) metabolic
D) inorganic
E) fixed
A) respiratory
B) volatile
C) metabolic
D) inorganic
E) fixed
B) volatile
37
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**The normal pH range for ECF is**
A) 6.5 to 7.5.
B) 6.8 to 7.2.
C) 7 to 7.5.
D) 7.35 to 7.45.
E) 7.5 to 8.0.
A) 6.5 to 7.5.
B) 6.8 to 7.2.
C) 7 to 7.5.
D) 7.35 to 7.45.
E) 7.5 to 8.0.
D) 7.35 to 7.45.
38
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**When the pH ________, a state of acidosis exists.**
A) rises above 7
B) falls below 7
C) falls below 6.5
D) falls below 7.35
E) rises above 7.5
A) rises above 7
B) falls below 7
C) falls below 6.5
D) falls below 7.35
E) rises above 7.5
D) falls below 7.35
39
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**A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing all of the following except ________ from his body.**
A) water
B) sodium
C) bicarbonate ion
D) hydrogen ion
E) protein
A) water
B) sodium
C) bicarbonate ion
D) hydrogen ion
E) protein
E) protein
40
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**When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists.**
A) apotheosis
B) alkalosis
C) ptosis
D) hydrosis
E) acidosis
A) apotheosis
B) alkalosis
C) ptosis
D) hydrosis
E) acidosis
B) alkalosis
41
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**Amino acids in solution contain both a negative and positive charge and thus are termed a(n)**
A) anion.
B) cation.
C) acid.
D) base.
E) zwitterion.
A) anion.
B) cation.
C) acid.
D) base.
E) zwitterion.
E) zwitterion.
42
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**Which of the following is not a renal response to acidosis?**
A) secretion of H+
B) increase tubule buffer activity
C) reabsorption of NaHCO3
D) release of HCl into peritubular capillary fluid
E) removal of CO2
A) secretion of H+
B) increase tubule buffer activity
C) reabsorption of NaHCO3
D) release of HCl into peritubular capillary fluid
E) removal of CO2
D) release of HCl into peritubular capillary fluid
43
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**Hypoventilation leads to**
A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) lactic acidosis.
A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) lactic acidosis.
A) respiratory acidosis.
44
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**In response to respiratory alkalosis,** the
A) respiratory rate increases.
B) tidal volume increases
C) kidneys conserve bicarbonate.
D) kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions.
E) kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.
A) respiratory rate increases.
B) tidal volume increases
C) kidneys conserve bicarbonate.
D) kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions.
E) kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.
E) kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.
45
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**A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of**
A) chronic respiratory acidosis.
B) chronic respiratory alkalosis.
C) acute respiratory acidosis.
D) chronic metabolic acidosis.
E) metabolic alkalosis
A) chronic respiratory acidosis.
B) chronic respiratory alkalosis.
C) acute respiratory acidosis.
D) chronic metabolic acidosis.
E) metabolic alkalosis
A) chronic respiratory acidosis.
46
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**A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop**
A) respiratory acidosis.
B) acute respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) chronic respiratory alkalosis
A) respiratory acidosis.
B) acute respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) chronic respiratory alkalosis
C) metabolic acidosis.
47
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**which of the following description best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis?**
a. consequences of hyperventilation ( for example, in fever or mental illness)
b. consequence of prolonged vomiting
c. consequences of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to COPD)
d. consequences of tissue hypoxia ( for example, in ischemic conditions)
e. consequences of strenuous exercise
a. consequences of hyperventilation ( for example, in fever or mental illness)
b. consequence of prolonged vomiting
c. consequences of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to COPD)
d. consequences of tissue hypoxia ( for example, in ischemic conditions)
e. consequences of strenuous exercise
b. consequence of prolonged vomiting
48
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**A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to settle an upset stomach risks** A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) lactic acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) lactic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
49
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\
**Severe kidney damage, such as glomerulonephritis, often leads to**
A) acute respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) chronic respiratory acidosis.
\
**Severe kidney damage, such as glomerulonephritis, often leads to**
A) acute respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) chronic respiratory acidosis.
\
C) metabolic acidosis.
50
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**Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis?**
A) consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness)
B) consequence of prolonged vomiting
C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to emphysema)
D) consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions) \\n E) consequence of strenuous exercise
A) consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness)
B) consequence of prolonged vomiting
C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to emphysema)
D) consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions) \\n E) consequence of strenuous exercise
C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to emphysema)
51
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**When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys**
A) excrete more hydrogen ions.
B) excrete more bicarbonate ions.
C) excrete fewer bicarbonate ions.
D) secrete more hydrogen ions and more bicarbonate ions.
E) secrete more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions.
A) excrete more hydrogen ions.
B) excrete more bicarbonate ions.
C) excrete fewer bicarbonate ions.
D) secrete more hydrogen ions and more bicarbonate ions.
E) secrete more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions.
E secretes more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions
52
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**Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?**
A) consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness)
B) consequence of prolonged vomiting
C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to COPD)
D) consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions)
E) consequence of strenuous exercise
A) consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness)
B) consequence of prolonged vomiting
C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to COPD)
D) consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions)
E) consequence of strenuous exercise
A consequences of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness)
53
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**Hypercapnia refers to elevated levels of**
A) oxygen.
B) hemoglobin.
C) carbon monoxide.
D) sodium.
E) carbon dioxide.
A) oxygen.
B) hemoglobin.
C) carbon monoxide.
D) sodium.
E) carbon dioxide.
E) carbon dioxide.
54
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**A drowning victim will likely experience a period of ________ until resuscitation begins.**
A) acute respiratory acidosis
B) acute respiratory alkalosis
C) chronic respiratory alkalosis
D) metabolic acidosis
E) metabolic alkalosis
A) acute respiratory acidosis
B) acute respiratory alkalosis
C) chronic respiratory alkalosis
D) metabolic acidosis
E) metabolic alkalosis
A acute respiratory acidosis
55
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**Extreme losses of bicarbonate ions, such as in diarrhea, will cause**
A) acute respiratory acidosis.
B) chronic respiratory acidosis.
C) respiratory alkalosis.
D) metabolic acidosis.
E) metabolic alkalosis.
A) acute respiratory acidosis.
B) chronic respiratory acidosis.
C) respiratory alkalosis.
D) metabolic acidosis.
E) metabolic alkalosis.
D metabolic acidosis
56
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**All of the following are examples of compensatory mechanisms that would occur as a result of metabolic acidosis except**
A) buffer systems accept H+.
B) kidneys secrete H+.
C) kidneys retain H+.
D) kidneys generate bicarbonate.
E) respiratory rate increases.
A) buffer systems accept H+.
B) kidneys secrete H+.
C) kidneys retain H+.
D) kidneys generate bicarbonate.
E) respiratory rate increases.
C) kidneys retain H+.
57
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**Administration of a medication in the elderly can result in a much higher dosage than the clinician might intend because**
A) the metabolic rate in the elderly is so high.
B) the kidneys of the elderly do not work well.
C) the elderly have less water content in the body.
D) other medications they take might enhance the concentration of another drug.
E) they cannot regulate pH well.
\
\
A) the metabolic rate in the elderly is so high.
B) the kidneys of the elderly do not work well.
C) the elderly have less water content in the body.
D) other medications they take might enhance the concentration of another drug.
E) they cannot regulate pH well.
\
\
C) the elderly have less water content in the body.
58
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**Which of the following statements is false regarding fluid and electrolyte balance?**
A) Fluctuations in diet will affect babies less because they have so much water content.
B) Older people tend to become more dehydrated.
C) Kidney functions tend to decrease as one ages.
D) Aging correlates with problems in various organ systems, which can enhance acid-base imbalance problems.
E) A fetus obtains water and electrolytes from the maternal bloodstream.
A) Fluctuations in diet will affect babies less because they have so much water content.
B) Older people tend to become more dehydrated.
C) Kidney functions tend to decrease as one ages.
D) Aging correlates with problems in various organ systems, which can enhance acid-base imbalance problems.
E) A fetus obtains water and electrolytes from the maternal bloodstream.
A Fluctuations in diet will affect babies less because they have so much water content
59
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**The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions?**
a. calcium ions
b. potassium ions
c. hydrogen ions
d. sodium ions
a. calcium ions
b. potassium ions
c. hydrogen ions
d. sodium ions
d. sodium ions
60
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**The term hypotonic hydration refers to**
a) the feeling one might have after profuse sweating with exertion
b) the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor
c) a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking excessive amounts of water
d) a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment
a) the feeling one might have after profuse sweating with exertion
b) the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor
c) a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking excessive amounts of water
d) a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment
c) a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking excessive amounts of water
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**when antidiuretic hormones (ADH) levels are low, ____**
a. most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed
b. aquaporins are inserted into the collecting duct principal cell apical membranes
c. nearly all of the filtrated water is reabsorbed
d. a small volume of concentration urine is excreted
a. most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed
b. aquaporins are inserted into the collecting duct principal cell apical membranes
c. nearly all of the filtrated water is reabsorbed
d. a small volume of concentration urine is excreted
\
a. most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed
a. most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed
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**Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?**
a. antidiuretic hormone
b. erythropoietins
c. aldosterone
d. renin
a. antidiuretic hormone
b. erythropoietins
c. aldosterone
d. renin
c. aldosterone
63
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**Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ____**
a. enhance atrial contractions
b. activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism
c. prevent pH changes caused by organic acids
d. reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention
a. enhance atrial contractions
b. activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism
c. prevent pH changes caused by organic acids
d. reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention
d. reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention
64
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Respiratory acidosis can occur when _____
1. a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids
2. a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction
3. a runner has completed a very long marathon
4. the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions
1. a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids
2. a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction
3. a runner has completed a very long marathon
4. the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions
a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction
65
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**Total body water is NOT a function of which of the following?**
a. age
b. body mass
c. amount of body fat
d. amount of water ingested
a. age
b. body mass
c. amount of body fat
d. amount of water ingested
d. amount of water ingested
66
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**Which of the choices below is NOT an essential role of salts in the body?**
a) neuromuscular activity
b) membrane permeability
c)secretory activity
d) anabolism of lipids
a) neuromuscular activity
b) membrane permeability
c)secretory activity
d) anabolism of lipids
d) anabolism of lipids
67
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**Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body?**
a. ADH
b. aldosterone
c) water levels
d) glucocorticoids
a. ADH
b. aldosterone
c) water levels
d) glucocorticoids
b. aldosterone
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**The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ____**
a. plasma
b. intracellular fluid
c. interstitial fluid
d. cerebrospinal fluid
a. plasma
b. intracellular fluid
c. interstitial fluid
d. cerebrospinal fluid
a. plasma
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**69) In a car accident, Jane suffered a chest injury that resulted in impaired breathing and respiratory acidosis. How will her body compensate for this imbalance?**
a. Kidneys retain hydrogen ions.
b. Kidneys retain bicarbonate ions.
c. Kidneys eliminate bicarbonate ions.
d. Kidneys eliminate carbon dioxide.
a. Kidneys retain hydrogen ions.
b. Kidneys retain bicarbonate ions.
c. Kidneys eliminate bicarbonate ions.
d. Kidneys eliminate carbon dioxide.
b. Kidneys retain bicarbonate ions.
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**whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ___ is found in the intracellular fluid**
a. iron
b. chloride
c. potassium
d. bicarbonate
a. iron
b. chloride
c. potassium
d. bicarbonate
c. potassium
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Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?
1. K+ mainly in the cells, Nat in the body fluids
2. Na\* mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids
3. equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids
4. little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids
1. K+ mainly in the cells, Nat in the body fluids
2. Na\* mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids
3. equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids
4. little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids
K+ mainly in the cells, Nat in the body fluids
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**For bulk flow across capillary walls,**
1. hydrostatic pressure of blood forces nearly protein-free plasma out of the blood into the interstitial space
2. osmotic pressure of plasma proteins pulls fluid from the capillary into the interstitial space
3. fluid runs into lymphatic capillaries that empty into the interstitial space
4. hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial space returns fluid to the capillary
1. hydrostatic pressure of blood forces nearly protein-free plasma out of the blood into the interstitial space
2. osmotic pressure of plasma proteins pulls fluid from the capillary into the interstitial space
3. fluid runs into lymphatic capillaries that empty into the interstitial space
4. hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial space returns fluid to the capillary
hydrostatic pressure of blood forces nearly protein-free plasma out of the blood into the interstitial space
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**Amphoteric molecules**
a. can function as acids at low pH
b. can function as bases at high pH c)
c. can function as an acid or a base depending on the pH
d) trigger pH imbalances and must be neutralized by buffers
a. can function as acids at low pH
b. can function as bases at high pH c)
c. can function as an acid or a base depending on the pH
d) trigger pH imbalances and must be neutralized by buffers
c. can function as an acid or a base depending on the pH
\
\
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**A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates**
1. respiratory acidosis
2. respiratory alkalosis
3. metabolic acidosis
4. metabolic alkalosis
1. respiratory acidosis
2. respiratory alkalosis
3. metabolic acidosis
4. metabolic alkalosis
respiratory acidosis
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**the movement of fluids between cellular compartments ___**
a. require active transport
b. is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces
c. requires ATP for the transport to take place
d. always involve filtration
a. require active transport
b. is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces
c. requires ATP for the transport to take place
d. always involve filtration
b. is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces
\
\
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**What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention?**
a. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
b. aldosterone
c. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
a. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
b. aldosterone
c. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
a. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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**when a strong acid such as HCL is added to the carbonic acid buffer system, ___**
a. carbonic acid is converted into bicarbonate
b. more carbonic acid is formed
c. hydrochloric acid is neutralized by sodium hydroxide
d. the blood plasma pH is reduced
a. carbonic acid is converted into bicarbonate
b. more carbonic acid is formed
c. hydrochloric acid is neutralized by sodium hydroxide
d. the blood plasma pH is reduced
more carbonic acid is formed
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**Which of the following is NOT a chemical buffer system?**
1. bicarbonate
2. phosphate
3. nitrogen
4. protein
1. bicarbonate
2. phosphate
3. nitrogen
4. protein
nitrogen
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**Which of the following is NOT a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin?**
a. sympathetic stimulation
b. decreased filtrate NaCl concentration
c. decreased stretch of the granular cells of the afferent arterioles
d. increased extracellular fluid water levels
a. sympathetic stimulation
b. decreased filtrate NaCl concentration
c. decreased stretch of the granular cells of the afferent arterioles
d. increased extracellular fluid water levels
d. increased extracellular fluid water levels
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**Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?**
a. Nonclectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts.
b. Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body.
c) Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolves and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
d) There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts.
a. Nonclectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts.
b. Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body.
c) Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolves and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
d) There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts.
c) Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolves and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
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**An individual who is heterozygous for a particular trait, yet expresses both alleles of that trait, is demonstrating an example of ____**
a. dominance
b. recessive inheritance
c. incomplete dominance
d. sex-linked inheritance
a. dominance
b. recessive inheritance
c. incomplete dominance
d. sex-linked inheritance
c. incomplete dominance
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**CRISPR-Cas9 refers to a(n)**
1. technique used to change and edit sequences of DNA
2. locus on a chromosome where the trait for sickle-cell anemia is carried
3. technique for creating a karyotype of one's chromosomes
4. enzyme responsible for self-destructing mutated cells
1. technique used to change and edit sequences of DNA
2. locus on a chromosome where the trait for sickle-cell anemia is carried
3. technique for creating a karyotype of one's chromosomes
4. enzyme responsible for self-destructing mutated cells
technique used to change and edit sequences of DNA
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**The epigenetic mark that indicates that a gene is available for transcription is _____ bound to the DNA or histone proteins**
a. a methyl group
b. an acetyl group
c. an amine group
d. a small RNA-enzyme complex
a. a methyl group
b. an acetyl group
c. an amine group
d. a small RNA-enzyme complex
b. an acetyl group
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**The epigenetic mark that silences the expression of a gene is ____ bound to the DNA or histone proteins**
a. a methyl group
b. an acetyl group
c. an amine group
d. a carboxyl group
a. a methyl group
b. an acetyl group
c. an amine group
d. a carboxyl group
a. a methyl group
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**Albinism is a recessive trait. If one parent is heterozygous for albinism, and the other parent does not carry the allele, what is the probability that they will have a child with albinism?**
a. 50%
b. 100%
c. 0%
d. 25%
a. 50%
b. 100%
c. 0%
d. 25%
c. 0%
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**_____ is the most common type of fetal testing.**
1. Blood chemistry
2. Amniocentesis
3. A DNA probe
4. CVS
1. Blood chemistry
2. Amniocentesis
3. A DNA probe
4. CVS
Amniocentesis
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**Jeff made a detailed pedigree of his extended family over several generations. He noted all of the family members who expressed a specific genetic trait. He noted that this trait was not observed in every generation, and that it was expressed far more frequently in the males of the family. Based on this information alone, what terms would best describe this trait?**
a) autosomal dominant
b)autosomal recessive
c) sex-linked dominant
d)sex-linked recessive
a) autosomal dominant
b)autosomal recessive
c) sex-linked dominant
d)sex-linked recessive
d)sex-linked recessive
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**Which of the following statements is true concerning genetic screening?**
a) Screening is illegal in over half of the world.
b) Screening can be done only in the first trimester of pregnancy. \n c. Genetic screening is rarely done because it vields very little accurate information.
d) Screening can be done before conception by carrier recognition or during fetal testing.
a) Screening is illegal in over half of the world.
b) Screening can be done only in the first trimester of pregnancy. \n c. Genetic screening is rarely done because it vields very little accurate information.
d) Screening can be done before conception by carrier recognition or during fetal testing.
Screening can be done before conception by carrier recognition or during fetal testing.
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**Amy's hand was exposed to X-rays. A gene in a skin cell of her hand mutated. This mutant gene will**
a) very likely cause skin cancer
b) replicate itself and be passed on to Amy's children
c) not form an exact duplicate of itself when the cell divides
d)replicate itself when the cell divides but will not be passed on to Amy's offspring
a) very likely cause skin cancer
b) replicate itself and be passed on to Amy's children
c) not form an exact duplicate of itself when the cell divides
d)replicate itself when the cell divides but will not be passed on to Amy's offspring
d)replicate itself when the cell divides but will not be passed on to Amy's offspring
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**The main way a recessive allele would be fully expressed even when only one copy is present would be**
a. co-dominance
b. recessive inheritance
c) sex-linked inheritance
d) incomplete dominance
a. co-dominance
b. recessive inheritance
c) sex-linked inheritance
d) incomplete dominance
c) sex-linked inheritance
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**A couple whose blood types are AB (I^AI^B) and B (I^Bi) may have a child with which of the following blood types?**
a. AB only
b. A or B only
c. A,B, AB or O
d. A, B, or AB only
a. AB only
b. A or B only
c. A,B, AB or O
d. A, B, or AB only
d. A, B, or AB only
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**Gene mutations in the X chromosome would tend to become visibly expressed**
1. more frequently in males
2. more frequently in females
3. equally frequently in both sexes
4. in neither males nor females
1. more frequently in males
2. more frequently in females
3. equally frequently in both sexes
4. in neither males nor females
more frequently in males
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**Which of the following is NOT a chemical buffer system?**
1. bicarbonate
2. phosphate
3. nitrogen
4. protein
1. bicarbonate
2. phosphate
3. nitrogen
4. protein
nitrogen
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**Which of the following is NOT a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin?**
1. sympathetic stimulation
2. decreased filtrate NaC1 concentration
3. decreased stretch of the granular cells of the afferent arterioles
4. increased extracellular fluid water levels
1. sympathetic stimulation
2. decreased filtrate NaC1 concentration
3. decreased stretch of the granular cells of the afferent arterioles
4. increased extracellular fluid water levels
increased extracellular fluid water levels
95
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**Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?**
1. Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts.
2. Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body.
3. Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
4. There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts.
1. Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts.
2. Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body.
3. Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
4. There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts.
Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
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**Which of the following would describe nonelectrolytes?**
a) inorganic salts
b) organic bases
c) inorganic acids
d) polar covalent compounds
a) inorganic salts
b) organic bases
c) inorganic acids
d) polar covalent compounds
d) polar covalent compounds
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**The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of**
a. the control of respiratory ventilation
b. the operation of various buffer systems in the stomach
c. the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney tubule cells
d. control of the acid produced
a. the control of respiratory ventilation
b. the operation of various buffer systems in the stomach
c. the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney tubule cells
d. control of the acid produced
a. the control of respiratory ventilation
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**Which of the following is NOT a disorder of water balance?**
a excessive hydration due to excess atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion
b) hypotonic hydration, in which sodium content is normal but water content is high
c) edema or tissue swelling, which is usually due to an increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
d excess water in interstitial spaces due to a low level of plasma proteins
a excessive hydration due to excess atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion
b) hypotonic hydration, in which sodium content is normal but water content is high
c) edema or tissue swelling, which is usually due to an increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
d excess water in interstitial spaces due to a low level of plasma proteins
c) edema or tissue swelling, which is usually due to an increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
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**The regulation of sodium _____**
1. is due to specific sodium receptors in the hypothalamus
2. is linked to blood pressure
3. involves aldosterone, a hormone that increases sodium excretion in the kidneys
4. involves hypothalamic osmoreceptor detection of ion concentration
1. is due to specific sodium receptors in the hypothalamus
2. is linked to blood pressure
3. involves aldosterone, a hormone that increases sodium excretion in the kidneys
4. involves hypothalamic osmoreceptor detection of ion concentration
is linked to blood pressure
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**Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely?**
1. respiratory acidosis
2. metabolic acidosis
3. metabolic alkalosis
4. respiratory alkalosis
1. respiratory acidosis
2. metabolic acidosis
3. metabolic alkalosis
4. respiratory alkalosis
respiratory alkalosis