Q1 Quiz 2 General Biology

What is the definition of Apical Modification?

It is a modification found at the highest point or top of shape or object, specifically at the apical surface of the cell

What are Villi?

are finger-like cytoplasmic extensions that arise from the cell's surface, regularly arranged in epithelial, and help increase surface area for faster absorption

What is the function of Microvilli?

are smaller projections that help increase surface area for faster absorption in the small intestines

What is the definition of Lacteal?

is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine

What are Cilia?

• are short hair-like projections made up of microtubules that are elongated and motile structures

• They are connected to basal and extend from the free surface, and their back-and-forth movement helps in the respiratory tract

What are Flagella?

• are tail-like projections that have nine pairs of microtubules surrounding two central microtubules

• They are much longer axial structures than cilia and are found in the tail of the spermatozoa

What are root hairs?

They are long tubular-shaped outgrowths from root epidermal cells that increase the root's surface area and aid in the plant's absorption of water and nutrients

What is lateral modification?

It refers to cell junctions from side to side found at the basal surface of the cell, and it includes tight junctions that control paracellular permeability and maintain cell polarity

What is the function of tight junctions?

They are intercellular adhesion complexes found in epithelial and endothelial cells that control paracellular permeability, maintain cell polarity, and act as the border between apical and basolateral cell surface domains

What is the definition of Adherens junction?

• is a cell-cell junction that has cadherin receptors, which act as a bridge to preserve tissue integrity

• It links cells and connects to actin filaments to maintain physical association between cells and anchors them

What are gap junctions?

They are intercellular channels that allow direct exchange of chemicals between nearby cells, also known as communicating junctions, and connect the cytoplasm of adjoining animal cells, and the presence of connexon allows direct exchange of chemicals between the cytoplasm of two cells

What is basal modification?

It refers to the bottom layer or base found on the basal surface of the cell, and it includes specialized cell-cell junctions like desmosomes that provide mechanical strength and anchoring junction on the basal surface

What is the function of desmosomes?

They provide mechanical strength and anchoring junction on the basal surface, primarily composed of keratin, integrins, and cadherins, and support the epithelium

What is the function of basal infoldings in epithelial tissues?

They function as a passive molecular sieve or ultrafilter and divide the base into many compartments parallel to each other

What are the parts of epithelial tissues?

The parts of epithelial tissues are simple squamous, simple cuboidal, stratified, pseudostratified, and simple columnar

What is the function of epithelial tissues?

• protect underlying tissues, absorb, secrete, and excrete

• They also serve as a barrier from fluid movement and harmful microbes

Basement membrane

binds the epithelium together and separates from underlying connective tissue

What are the different classifications of tissues based on cell layers?

They are Simple (one layer) and Stratified (multiple layers)

What are the different classifications of tissues based on cell shape?

They are Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar

What is the definition of Simple Squamous tissue?

It is a tissue that lines the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, body cavities, and alveoli

What is the definition of Simple Cuboidal tissue?

It is a tissue that lines the kidney tubules and covers ovaries

What is the function of connective tissues?

They support and bind tissues, function as a protection, and have varying amounts of extracellular matrix

What is the definition of Simple Columnar tissue?

It is an elongated and ciliated tissue that lines most organs of the digestive tract, including the stomach and intestines

What is the definition of Pseudostratified tissue?

• It is a tissue where some cells are shorter than others, and nuclei appear at different heights above the basement membrane

• It lines the respiratory tract

What is the definition of Stratified Squamous tissue?

It is a tissue that protects against abrasion and lines the esophagus and mouth

What is the classification of plant tissues?

are classified into meristematic tissue and permanent tissue

What is meristematic tissue?

• is a type of plant tissue where cells are continuously dividing and found in growing regions

• They can be immature and undergoing repeated division

• They are also classified based on origin, with promeristem being the youngest stage of the growing organ and giving rise to primary meristem

What is the definition of Promeristem?

It is the youngest stage of the growing organ that gives rise to primary meristem

What is the definition of Secondary Meristem?

It is a meristem that develops later from non-meristematic tissues at a certain stage of development of an organ of a plant

What is the definition of Primary Meristem?

It is an embryonic tissue that gives rise to epidermis, cortex, leaves, and pith

What is the definition of Apical Meristem?

It is a meristem located at the tips of roots and shoots that aids in the increase of height of a plant and facilitates the growth of root and shoot

What is the location of the intercalary meristem?

It is located at the internodes

Internodes

base of the leaves

What is the function of the intercalary meristem?

It contributes to the increase of height and grows internodes of plants

Where is the lateral meristem located?

It is located at the surface of the stem and the root

What is the function of the lateral meristem?

It increases the thickness of the plant by increasing its diameter

What is the protoderm?

It is the outermost plant tissue and forms the epidermis

Where is the protoderm located?

It is located around the outside of the stem and protects the plants from any mechanical shocks

What is the function of the procambium?

It is the innermost tissue that gives rise to the xylem and phloem

What is the outer portion of skin called?

It is called the dermis

What is bone also known as?

osseous tissue

What is the main matrix of dense fibrous tissue?

collagen fibers

What are the building blocks of the fibers in dense fibrous tissue?

The building blocks of the fibers are fibroblasts

What are ligaments?

are tissues that attach bones to bones at joints

What are tendons?

are tissues that attach skeletal muscles to bones

What are fibroblasts?

Fiber-forming cells and building blocks of the fibers

What are the forms of dense fibrous tissue?

Ligaments & Tendons

Ligaments

bones to bones at joints

Tendons

attach skeletal muscles to bones

What is the function of areolar LCT?

Cushions, protects, and wraps body organs, holds internal organs together and in their proper positions, and universal packing tissue

What is loose (areolar) CT?

Loosely arranged collagen & elastic fibers, highly cellular, and contains fibroblasts

What is the function of dermal tissue?

Covers the plant, found in the outer layer of roots, stems, and leaves, and functions in transpiration, gas exchange, and defense

What is the function of ground tissue?

Made of only one type of cells

What is parenchyma?

A type of ground tissue that performs photosynthesis, storage, and secretion, and has isodiametric cells with thin walls made of cellulose

What is chlorenchyma?

Parenchymatous tissue that contains chloroplasts and chlorophyll

What is aerenchyma?

Parenchyma tissue with large air spaces between cells

What is the definition of collenchyma?

• Provide mechanical support and perform photosynthesis when chloroplasts are present

• They occur in the layer below epidermis and are homogenous or in patches

• Corners are thickened with cellulose, hemicellulose, or pectin

• There are no intercellular spaces

What are the five types of immune cells?

Mast cells, macrophages, T cells, endothelial cells (capillaries), and adipose tissue LCT

What is adipose tissue LCT?

• is commonly known as fat

• It forms subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin and is mostly present in fetal life and infants

• Its functions include cushioning, supporting, insulating, and acting as filler tissue

• Its main role is to serve as an energy storing reservoir, insulate the body from extreme temperatures, cushion vital organs, and secrete hormones and biological factors

What is reticular tissue LCT?

• forms the stroma.

• It has a network of reticular fibers made up of type III collagen (reticulum = net or network).

• It serves as a supporting structure in bone marrow, liver, and lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes, & tonsil)

Stroma

internal framework of the organ

What is blood?

is a specialized fluid connective tissue surrounded by blood plasma

What are the locations where reticular fibers can be found?

Kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and blood

What is the function of blood?

• is a specialized fluid connective tissue that helps support young parts of the plant

• Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste

• connects all systems of the body

What are the characteristics of sclerenchyma cells?

• are long, narrow cells with lignified walls that contain large amounts of lignin, making them much more rigid than collenchyma cells. ]They are usually dead or without chloroplasts

• Have two types: fibers and sclereids

What is the function of xylem?

performs conduction of water and mineral salts from the roots to the top of plants

What are the two types of cells found in xylem?

tracheids and vessels

What enables water to flow freely through vessels?

Perforation plates

What are fibers of blood?

Soluble protein molecules visible only during blood clotting

What is plasma?

A liquid that suspends blood components

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

• Most flexible cartilage

• To support parts that need to bend and move and bounce back to their original shape

What are the supporting structures formed by hyaline cartilage?

Larynx, voice box, ribs to breastbone, and covers ends of bones

What is the main function of fibrocartilage?

To act as a cushion within joints and cushion-like disks between vertebrae of the spinal column

What are the functions of muscle tissues?

Movement and locomotion, support bones and other structures, peristalsis, and parturition

What is the characteristic of skeletal muscle tissue?

Voluntary movements and attached to bones by tendons

Where is smooth muscle tissue found?

In the walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, and internal organs

What is the function of phloem?

Transport of food products from green parts to the storage organs and to other organs of plants

What are the two elements of plant organs also known as bast or lepton?

Sieve tube elements and companion cells

What are the characteristics of sieve tube elements?

They lack a nucleus, ribosomes, a distinct vacuole, and cytoskeletal elements. They have sieve plates and are used for the longitudinal transmission of food

What are companion cells?

They are connected to the sieve-tube element by numerous plasmodesmata and help load sugars into the sieve-tube elements, which then transport the sugars to other parts of the plant

What is cardiac muscle tissue?

It is the contractile wall of the heart that has branched fibers interconnected via intercalated disks. It relays signals from cell to cell and synchronizes heart contraction

What is the function of nervous tissues?

It makes up the peripheral view and central nervous system, develops from the ectoderm of the embryo, and has the ability to initiate and transmit the nerve impulse

What are the three types of cells in nervous tissues?

Neurons, neuroglia, and neurosecretory cells

What is a neuron?

It is the basic unit of the nervous system, the structural and functional unit of the nervous system, and comprises an axon, cell body, and dendrites

What are neuroglia?

They are special cells found in the brain and spinal cord that support neurons and fibers

What are neurosecretory cells?

They function as endocrine cells and secrete hormones into the bloodstream

What is the function of dendrites?

receive impulses from other neurons

What are neuroglia?

are special cells found in the brain and spinal cord that support neurons and fibers

What is the function of neurosecretory cells?

function as endocrine organs and release chemicals from the axon to the blood

Extracellular fluid

body fluid that is not contained in cells

cadherin receptors

acts as a bridge

Connexon

allow direct exchange of chemicals between the cytoplasm of two cells

Lamella

concentric rings

Osteocytes

bone cells

Axons

transmit impulses to neurons, or other cells

Glia

nourish, insulate, replenish neurons, and modulate neuron function

Epidermis

covers the plant; found in the outer layer of roots, stems, and leaves

Transpiration

the loss or evaporation of water

Lumen

pits that lignified walls

lignin

a relatively indigestible strengthening polymer that accounts for more than a quarter of the dry mass of wood