Digestive System

pancreas

secretes pancreatic juice

pancreatic duct

tube running through pancreas that empties into small intestine

pancreatic amylase

breaks starch into sugar

pancreatic lipase

breaks down triglycerides

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptides

what breaks up proteins into amino acids?

HCO3, acid

pancreatic juice secretes bases such as \________ to neutralize stomach \_______

falciform ligament

What are the 2 main lobes of the liver separated by?

hepatic portal vein

blood flows from small intestine to liver on what?

hepatic duct

carries bile away from liver

glucose, insulin, glucagon

liver controls \_______ levels through \__________ and \_________

glycogen, iron, and vitamins A, D, B12

what does the liver store?

red blood cells

what does the liver destroy?

alcohol, mercury

what toxins does the liver remove?

bile

yellowish green liquid secreted by hepatic cells of the liver

gallbladder

sac on inferior side of liver

common bile duct

empties into ampulla of Vater at small intestine

closed, bile, cystic, gallbladder

when sphincter of oddi is \_________, \_______ backs up \_______ duct and is stored in \_______________

forms gall stones

what happens if cholesterol precipitates?

emulsification

bile salts break down large fat globules into small deposits so enzymes work faster

cholecysectomy

surgical removal of gallblader

duodenum

C shaped tube after stomach

jejunum

diameter bigger, more muscular

ileum

diameter smaller, last part of small intestine

mesentery

holds small intestine in place

greater omentum

lies over small intestine

villi

what does the small intestine have that increases surface space?

digestive enzymes

what does the small intestine secrete?

absorption

what is the main role of the small intestine?

carbohydrates

digestion starts in mouth, absorbed in small intestine

protein

digestion begins in stomach, absorbed in small intestine

fats

starts and absorbed in small intestine

diarrhea

if small intestine is distended or irritated, rush of watery material into large intestine

ileocecal sphincter

closes the end of small intestine where it empties into cecum of large intestine

cecum

pouch like bag that receives contents of small intestine

appendix

no known digestive function, contains lymph tissue

colon

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

rectum

end of colon

anus

opening controlled by two anal sphincters

water and electrolytes

what are the only two things the large intestine absorbs

normal flora (bacteria)

break down things into vitamins K and B12 that we absorb

defecation reflex

hold breath, contract abdominal wall, forces feces into rectum, triggers reflex

contracting, pressure, feces

by \_________ muscles, \________ forces \_________ outside

become more sensitive, may loosen or fall out

what happens to your teeth as you become older?

they recede

what happens to your gums as you get older?

heartburn and constipation

what becomes more frequent as you get older?

decreases

what happens to nutrient absorption as you get older?

digestion

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

mechanical

physical change of big to small pieces

chemical

breaks food into simpler chemicals

digestive system

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, ingestion, propulsion, absorption, and defecation

alimentary canal

tube from mouth to anus

26, 8

alimentary canal is \_____ feet long/ \____ meters long

4

how many layers are in the alimentary canal

mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa

list the 4 layers of the alimentary canal from the inside out

mucosa

surface epithelium that has villi, glands, mucuous membrane

villi

folds to increase surface area

secretion and absorption

what is mucosa for?

submucosa

nourishes tissues, acts as highway, has blood vessels, glands, nerves, lymph vessels

muscular layer

2 layers of smooth muscle for movement, have circular fibers and longitudinal fibers

circular fibers

close tube, go around tube

longitudinal fibers

shorten tube, run with the tube

serosa (serous layer)

composed of visceral peritoneum, protects glands which secrete fluid, allows internal organs to glide past each other to move

mixing movements

smooth muscles contract rhythmically, mixes food with digestive juice, stomach

propelling movement

wavelike motion to move food

peristalsis

ring of contraction to push food

stethoscope

propelling movement causes sounds heard in what?

mastication

act of chewing

mouth

which part of the body is the first to receive food and start digestion?

tongue

muscular organ covered by mucus membranes

lingual frenulum

membrane connecting tongue to floor of mouth

papillae

small projections providing friction and containing taste buds

palate

roof of cavity

hard palate

maxillary bones at front of mouth

soft palate

muscular arch extending down to uvula

soft, uvula, nasal

when you swallow, muscles draw \______ palate and \_______ up to close entrance to \_________ cavity

tonsils

lymphatic tissue, immune response

lingual tonsils

back of tongue

palatine tonsils

back of mouth on either side

pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

back of nasal cavity

primary, secondary

what are the 2 sets of teeth called?

32

how many secondary teeth do you have?

impacted

wisdom teeth can be \________ which means they are in an abnormal position

shapes, digestion

teeth are special \______ to aid \__________

salivary glands

secrete saliva

amylase

splits starch and glycogen into simple sugars (disaccharides)

mucus

acts as a lubricant during swallowing

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

what are the 3 salivary glands?

parotid gland

largest salivary gland, below ear, secretes amylase

submandibular gland

floor of mouth, just inside jaw

sublingual gland

under tongue

pharynx

connects nasal and oral cavities with larynx and esophagus

nasopharynx

superior to soft palate, auditory tubes drain into it

oropharynx

behind mouth, passage way for air and food

laryngopharynx

passageway to esophagus and larynx

1st stage of swallowing

food chewed, rolled into mass, forced into pharynx

2nd stage of swallowing

when food is forced into pharynx, it triggers nerves which cause action

3rd stage of swallowing

after nerves are triggered, peristalsis transports food to stomach through esophagus

esophagus

throat, straight tube 25 cm long, passes through mediastinum

diaphragm, esophageal hiatus

esophagus passes through \_______ at \______________ \______________

lower esophageal sphincter

close opening of esophagus to stomach - heart burn, acid reflux