hsc final exam

In Ganja in Jamaica, authors Rubin and Comitas found that in contrast to popular beliefs about marijuana users in the United States, Jamaican users who constantly used marijuana were:

C. Extremely diligent and hard working.

The first known record of marijuana use, in the Chinese Book of Drugs, refers to the __________ use of marijuana.

A. Medical

During the late 1930s, marijuana was misperceived by the scientific and medical communities as inducing:

A. Acts of sexual excitement and violence.

__________ refers to the process of leaving drug-using groups and behaviors behind as one grows older and takes on more socially acceptable responsibilities.

D. Maturing out

The Marijuana Tax Act classified marijuana incorrectly as a:

B. Narcotic.

During World War II, marijuana in America was:

C. Subsidized by the government to make rope.

Using a vaporizer to consume marijuana reduces ___________ risk factor(s) associated with marijuana usage.

B. Respiratory

According to the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, the age cohort reporting the highest lifetime use of marijuana was __________ years of age.

B. 18–25

Research indicates that if one’s peer group does not use drugs, more than likely other individuals in the peer group will:

A. Not use drugs.

Age, gender, family background, and religion fall under what category of influential factors?

C. Structural

In addition to peer influences on drug use, what other factors must be taken into account to assess what could be responsible for drug use?

-Structural factors
-Social and interactional factors
-Attitudinal factors
D. All of these are correct.

Religious involvement often results in __________ drug use.

B. Less

A type of marijuana that literally means “without seeds” is known as:

D. Sinsemilla.

__________ contains the purest form of resin and can have THC levels as high as 28%.

C. Hashish

Which of the following volatile substances would be categorized as an industrial or household solvent?

C. Paint thinner

Which of the following is accurate regarding inhalants?

A. Their use causes feelings of intoxication that are generally more rapid than drinking alcohol.

A chemical is classified as being volatile if it is:

C. Readily evaporated at room temperature.

Approximately what percentage of U.S. 8th graders have abused inhalants at least once in their lifetime?

B. 10%

Which of the following statements regarding “sudden sniffing death syndrome” is incorrect?

D. It only occurs after stimulant inhalation.

Which of the following is the most correct reason why inhalants are most likely abused?

D. They are readily available.

Which of the following statements is incorrect? (B, chronic)

B. Chronic users of inhalants often have increased appetites.

Which of the following drugs is a hormone used to cause sleep?

B. Melatonin

Which of the following is the most frequently used OTC medication for gastrointestinal disorders?

B. Antacid

Which of the following is not required by the FDA to be included on OTC drug labels?

B. Classification of active ingredients (i.e., category I, II, or III)

Approximately how much is spent annually on OTC analgesics?

C. $4 billion

Which of the following OTC analgesics has the fewest anti-inflammatory effects?

B. Acetaminophen

Which of the following pains is least likely to be relieved by OTC analgesics?

D. Stomach cramps

Which of the following drugs are classified as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?

A. Salicylates

Which of the following best describes “antipyretics”?

D. Drugs that reduce fevers

Which of the following is a side effect of acetaminophen?

D. None of these are correct.

Approximately how much caffeine (in terms of quantity in a cup of coffee) is included in a tablet of OTC combination analgesics such as Anacin and Excedrin?

B. One-fourth to one-half

What percentage of the population uses cold medicines each year?

C. 50%

Common OTC allergy and cold products contain which of the following ingredients?

-Sympathomimetics
-Analgesics
-Antihistamines
D. All of these are correct.

How do sympathomimetics relieve nasal congestion associated with colds and allergies?

A. They cause vasoconstriction.

Which of the following statements is incorrect? (A, anti)

A. Antitussives should be used to treat productive coughs.

Which of the following drugs is commonly used in OTC sleep aids?

B. Antihistamines

Adolescent alcoholics have a suicide rate __________ times higher than the national average.

D. 58

Children often join gangs because of:

C. Low self-esteem.

It is estimated that there are more than __________ active gang members in the United States.

B. 800,000

Gang membership is usually defined in terms of:

-Socio-economic status.
-Race and ethnicity.
-Similar background experiences.
D. All of these are correct.

Drug prevention at the __________ level helps adolescents recognize when drug use moves from an experimentation or social exercise to the early stages of drug abuse.

B. Secondary prevention

In a survey of 53,622 college students, which of the following was a reason given for using drugs and alcohol?

-Break the ice
-Enhance social activity
-Give people something to do
D. All of these are correct.

The most used drug by undergraduates is:

A. Alcohol.

According to a national survey, over __________ of college students ages 18–22 years engaged in binge drinking over the past month.

D. 60%

Of all college students, __________ report high-risk drinking.

C. 43%

Each year, throughout the United States, __________ students between the ages of 18 and 24 are victims of alcohol-related sexual assault or date rape.

B. 97,000

A(n) __________ is defined as a subgroup within a population whose members share similar values and patterns of related behaviors that differ from the larger population.

B. Subculture

Viewing a group and its members as an observer is the definition for the term:

B. Outsider.

Internal subcultural forces, or those forces that affect group members, include which of the following?

D. Shared attitudes and a common secrecy about drug use

Figure 16.1 shows the reasons for nonmedical steroid used by college students. The highest percentage of steroid users (66%) in this figure said they used steroids mainly to:

A. Increase strength.

__________ are male hormones produced in the testes that are responsible for secondary sexual characteristics.

B. Androgens

A first offense regarding dealing (trafficking) anabolic steroids carries a sentence of:

A. 1 year in prison and a $1000 fine.

Individuals in what sport reported the highest rate of steroid abuse?

D. Football

From 2017 to 2018, the highest percentage of 12th graders said they were able to obtain prescription drugs because they:

A. Got the drugs for free from a friend or relative.

Only _______ of alcoholics in the United States are women.

B. 25%

Self-administered doses of steroids are usually __________ to __________ times stronger than any prescription doses.

B. 1; 100

Combining two or more different steroids and mixing oral and/or injectable types is referred to as:

A. Stacking.

Where do 50% of anabolic steroids come from?

D. A combination of doctor’s prescriptions and the black market

A 2018 study regarding drug use patterns found that approximately __________ of 12th graders had used an illicit drug(s).

D. 47%

__________ doping refers to an athlete’s attempt to increase their number of red blood cells by reinfusing some of their own blood (which has been stored) before an athletic event.

C. Blood

It is believed that __________ of women today use licit and illicit drugs.

D. 40.8%

Women aged 19–30 are more likely to drink flavored types of alcoholic beverages and:

D. Use any illicit drug.

Approximately __________ of women in drug abuse treatment report histories of physical and sexual abuse, with victimization beginning before 11 years of age and occurring repeatedly.

D. 70%

What percentage of pregnant women smoke during the last 3 months of pregnancy?

C. 10%

Factors such as strong child-to-parent bonds; open communication; consistent disciplining; consistent high levels of parental warmth, affection, and emotional support; and high levels of supervision are referred to as what type of factors?

C. Protective factors

Prevention at the family level needs to stress all the following, except:

D. Child independence.

Which model of prevention is one of the earliest and is based on the belief that if people are given extensive information about harmful effects, their attitudes will change as well as their actions?

A. Information-only model

The ecological model of drug prevention emphasizes and advocates all the following prevention strategies, except:

D. More law enforcement surveillance.

The attitude change model assumes:

A. Drug use results from low self-esteem.

If a higher education official claims that the best way to approach drug prevention is to build the resistance skills that are lacking, the official is advocating which drug prevention model?

C. Social influences model

The ___________ approach focuses on the pharmacology of alcohol and other drugs, is seldom effective, and is sometimes detrimental because it arouses curiosity and encourages experimentation.

B. Cognitive

Drug courts are based on a comprehensive model involving all the following, except:

C. Financial accountability.

One major problem with the nationwide D.A.R.E program success is that:

D. Research studies repeatedly found that students who participated were no less likely to use drugs than students who had not gone through the D.A.R.E program.

Roughly __________ of all addicts are arrested at least once every year.

D. 90%

D.A.R.E. was first developed in:

B. 1983.

What type of court has been designed to focus on treatment options instead of punishment for drug convictions?

B. Drug courts

In 2018, _________ was the drug that had the highest rate of age 12 and older past-year initiates (trying the drug for the first time).

A. Alcohol

Which of the following is a major primary risk factor associated with drug use and abuse?

D. Only failure in school performance and poor coping skills

Primary, secondary, and tertiary drug prevention programs are often used __________ because, in most settings, all three types of drug users comprise the targeted population.

A. In combination

__________ prevention refers to the very broad range of activities aimed at reducing the risk of drug use among non-users and assuring continued non-use.

A. Primary

__________ prevention is targeted at at-risk groups, experimenters, and early drug use populations in hopes of reversing the already existing drug use.

B. Secondary

__________ prevention is targeted at chemically dependent individuals who need treatment regarding their drug abuse.

C. Tertiary

Hospital outpatient programs and methadone clinics would be examples of __________ prevention.

C. Tertiary

Addiction is a complex disease caused by a variety of factors that is least affected by which of the following?

C. Price of drugs

In analyzing the populations of users, drug prevention primarily focuses on:

A. Early experimenters, nonproblem drug users, problem users, and former users.

In most cases, it is appropriate for drug prevention to focus on knowledge, attitudes, and:

A. Behavior.

Which of the following statements is incorrect? (D, one)

D. One-time, short-term treatment is often adequate to treat drug addiction.

The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) focuses on which of the following?

-Employment and support
-Legal status
-Medical status
D. All of these are correct

Research indicates that for most patients, the threshold amount of time needed for significant improvement resulting from a treatment program is greater than:

C. 3 months.

When was Alcoholics Anonymous founded?

B. Mid-1930s

__________ are not open to viewers and are for alcoholics having a serious desire to completely stop drinking.

A. Closed meetings

The Minnesota model was developed during the:

A. 1950s.

Medical detoxification:

-Can be a medical necessity.
-Is a precursor to treatment.
-Does not typically produce lasting behavioral changes.
D. All of these are correct.

__________ are inpatient treatment facilities that focus on the “resocialization” of the individual and use the program’s entire community as important treatment components.

A. Therapeutic communities

The planned length of stay for residents in therapeutic communities is generally:

D. 6–12 months.

Which of the following approaches involves initiating behavioral change by helping clients resolve ambivalence about engaging in treatment?

C. Motivational Enhancement Therapy

Which of the following is an opioid agonist?

C. Methadone

Which of the following is not an opiate antagonist?

B. Methadone

Which of the following is an opioid antagonist used to treat opioid overdoses?

A. Naloxone

___________ is a drug used to treat alcoholics that makes individuals violently ill if they consume alcohol.

B. Disulfiram