Midterm Review- Biology

monosaccharides (simple sugars)

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

one glycerol and three fatty acids

What are the building blocks of lipids?

Amino acids

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Nucleotides

What are the building blocks for nucleic acids?

lipids

Fats

proteins

What type of organic molecules are composed of chains of amino acids?

Proteins

Hemoglobin

2:1

What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates molecules?

amino acids

Proteins are digested into \________________ before they are transported to cells.

simple sugars (glucose)

Starches are digested into \________________ before they are transported to cells.

autotrophic

Photosynthesis is a form of \_________________ nutrition.

metabolism

All the chemical reactions required to sustain life is called

illness or death

A disruption of homeostasis results in...

homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment for metabolism is called

excretion

The removal of waste products produced from metabolism is the live function

regulation

The life function that controls and coordinates the life activities of an organism is called

selective permeability

Cell membranes allow some molecules to pass through while blocking others this characteristic is called

carbon dioxide

oxygen

Starch

proteins

ATP (energy)

Active transport requires the use of.....

High to Low

Diffusion is a form of passive transport and moves molecules from an area of \__________ concentration to an area of \___________ concentraiton

a concentration gradiant

What must exist for diffusion to occur?

Low to High

Active transport is used to move molecules from an area of \__________ concentration to an area of \___________ concentraiton and requires energy.

mitochondria

What organelle is used by cells to release energy during cellular respiration to make ATP?

glucose (sugar)

The energy released during cellular respiration comes from the break down of \_________________.

proteins

The fluid mosaic model of a cell membrane consists of a lipid bi-layer with embedded \_______________.

nucleus

Mitosis is a process that divides the \_____________ so that the cell can divide.

cytoplasm

Cytokinesis is the division of the \_________________.

Prophase

Metaphase

mitosis

Cytokinesis occurs after \_______________ has occurred.

homeostasis

Unicellular organisms relay on their organelles to maintain

hypotonic

When the concentration of water outside a cell is higher than the concentration of water inside the cytoplasm the environment is \_________________.

hypertonic

When the concentration or water outside a cell is lower than the concentration of water inside the cytoplasm the environment is \_________________.

isotonic

When the concentration or water outside a cell is equal to the concentration of water inside the cytoplasm the environment is \_________________.

into

When a cell is placed into a solution that is hypotonic water will diffuse \______________ the cell.

out of

When a cell is placed into a solution that is hypertonic water will diffuse \______________ the cell.

maintain its water balance

When a cell is placed into a solution that is isotonic the cell will \_________________.

organ

What level of organization is missing from the sequence?

cell - tissue - \________ - organ system - organism

chloroplasts

cell walls

They use a lot of energy

Why do muscle cells have a lot of mitochondria?

protein synthesis occurs at ribosomes

What is the function of ribosomes?

Maltose molecule

Two glucose molecules covalently bonded together make a

benedict's solution

What indicator is used to test for the presence of glucose?

Water will diffuse out of the cytoplasm causing the cell membrane to shrink away from the cell wall.

When salt solution is added to a slide with red onion cells what will happen to the red onion cells?

shape

The \_______________ determines the function of a protein.

denatured

When an protein loses its shape is said that the protein has \______________ .

cell membrane

The \____________________ controls what enters and leaves a cell.

cell wall

Plant cells have a cell membrane just inside the \_______________.

temperature and pH

Enzymes are optimized to work at a specific \_____________ and \________________.

enzyme concentration

substrate concentration

eukaryotic cells

Cell that have a nucleus and specialized organelles are

prokaryotic cells

Cell that lack a nucleus are

Eubacteria and Archeabacteria

What kingdoms have prokaryotic organisms?

Protist

fungi

nucleus

Chromosomes are found in the \________________ of a eukaryotic cell

key

A substrate fits the active site of an enzyme like a \___________ fits a lock.

the fine adjustment knob

Which adjustment knob do you use under high power?

glucose

What molecule is starch synthesized from?

hypothesis

A possible answer to a scientific question is called a

carbon dioxide and water

The reactants need for photosynthesis are

anaerobic

Organisms that can survive without oxygen are \______________.

Red and Blue wavelengths

Chlorophyll absorbs what color wavelengths of light?

Green wavelengths

Chlorophyll reflects what color wavelengths of light

anaerobic respiration

Human muscle cells usually do aerobic respiration but can switch to \________________ when they run out or oxygen.

alcoholic

The two types of fermentation are lactic acid fermentation and \________________ fermentation.

lactic acid fermentation

Human muscle cells can switch to what type of fermentation when they run out of oxygen?

ATP

The energy released from breaking down glucose during cellular respiration is used to make \___________.

2

During anaerobic respiration \______ ATP are produced from breaking down one glucose molecule.

36

During aerobic respiration \_______ ATP are produced from breaking down one glucose molecule.

identical

The daughter cell produced from the process of mitosis and cytokinesis are genetically \_______________.

one

During asexual reproduction all the genetic material comes from \________ parent.

pinches

During cytokinesis in animal cells the cell membrane \____________ in to divide the cell.

cell plate

During cytokinesis in plant cells a \______________ forms to divide the cell

acidic

A reading below 7 on the pH scale is \___________.

basic

A reading above 7 on the pH scale is \____________.

neutral

The pH scale goes from 0 to 14 with 7 being \______________.

budding

The form of asexual reproduction where a offspring grows from the parent organism by mitosis is called \____________.

10

There are \________ millimeters (mm) in a centimeter (cm).

diaphragm

The part of the microscope that controls the amount of light that passes through the specimen is called the \_______________.

chromatography (paper chromatography)

One technique used to separate pigment molecules is called

stains makes cell structures more visible

Why are stains often used on slides of living cells when viewing them with a light microscope?

1000

One millimeter equals \___________ micrometers.

field of view

To measure an object under a microscope to you the diameter of the \_________________ to estimate the size of an object in micrometers.

1500 micrometers (3000 divided by 2)

The field of view is 3000 micrometers and two cells fit across that field of view. How big is each cell in micrometers?

eyepiece x objective lens \= Total Magnifigation

How do you find the total magnification of a compound light microscope?

glucose

Benedic's solution is use used as an indicator for the presence of \_______________.

starch

Lugol's iodine is used as an indicator of the presence of \_______________.

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Carbohydrates

Starch and glucose are both what type of organic molecule?

Proteins

Enzymes are an example of what type of organic molecule?

Fats

oils and waxes

water

Osmosis it the diffusion of \_________ across a membrane.

left

While looking through a light microscope when the slide is moved to the right on the stage the specimen moves to the \____________ in the field of view.

Respiration

What process converts the energy stored in food to energy available for use by the organism?

homeostasis

When you heart rate and breathing rate increase to maintain the concentration of oxygen in you blood at a certain level this is an example of \____________________.

homeostasis

When you sweat to help cool down you body temperature this is an example of \__________________.

homeostasis

When your muscles contract rapidly to produce extra heat

homeostasis

When your body releases hormones to adjust the concentration of glucose in your blood