Exam 1

Homeostasis

The body's ability to detect change and respond, usually opposing change, and the maintenance of a stable internal environment

One change in the body causes another change in response to it, is called...

Feedback

Positive Feedback

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change and takes organisms away from a steady state

Negative Feedback

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation

Intrinsic Regulation

LOCAL, automatic adjustment of organs to an environmental change, disturbed tissue fixes itself, autoregulation

Autoregulation

The ability of tissues to regulate their own blood supply

Extrinsic Regulation

Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems and kicks in when autoregulation is insufficient to maintain homeostasis

Epithelial Tissue

Forms coverings, linings, glands, protection, secretion, absorption, filtration

Connective Tissue

Provides cushioning, support, protection, adhesion, energy storage

Nervous Tissue

Excitable cells in this tissue that transmit information to cause movement, cognition, learning, memory, vision, etc

Muscular Tissue

Excitable cells that contract to produce movement

Functions of Epithelial Tissues

Protection, control of permeability, provide sensation, and produce specialized secreations

The cellular junction that attaches parts of epithelial cells to its neighbors and to the basal lamina is:
A. Tight
B. Gap
C. Desmosome/Hemidesmosome

C. Desmosome/Hemidesmosome

Specializations of the epithelial cell membrane such as microvilli and cilia are found on which surface:
A. Basal
B. Lateral
C. Apical

C. Apical

In areas where diffusion must occur across the epithelial cell surface, which type of tissue would be best:
A. Stratified Cuboidal
B. Stratified Squamous
C. Transitional
D. Simple Squamous

D. Simple Squamous

The tissue type found lining the respiratory tract:
A. Simple Cuboidal
B. Simple Columnar
C. Pseudostratified Ciliated
D. Simple Squamous

C. Pseudostratified Ciliated

Cartilage

A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together

The type of gland that accumulates its secretion at the tip of the cell, which then pinches off to release the secretion is
A. Merocrine Gland
B. Holocrine Gland
C. Apocrine Gland
D. Endocrine Gland

C. Apocrine Gland

All of the following cell types can be found in connective tissues, except:
A. Squamous Cells
B. Adipocytes
C. Melanocytes
D. Osteoblasts
E. Fibroblasts

A. Squamous Cells

The precursor cell type for all types of connective tissues is
A. Adipocytes
B. Macrophages
C. Mesenchymal Cells
D. Chondrocytes

C. Mesenchymal Cells

The tissue type that forms tendons and ligaments is:
A. Areolar
B. Reticular
C. Dense Regular
D. Cartilage
E. Dense Irregular

C. Dense Regular

Baroreceptors

Detects changes in blood pressure

Cardiac Center

Regulates heart rate

Histology

The study of tissues

Tissues

Groups of cells and cell products that perform specific functions

Cells

Different types depending on tissue type

Extracellular matrix

Non

Ground Substance

Amorphous gel

Characteristics of Epithelia

What are the type of cell junctions?

Gap Junctions

Tight Junctions

Desmosomes

Hemidesmosomes

Polarity

Sides of cells that has distinct properties and functions

Apical Surface

Lateral Surface

Sides of the cell where cell to cell connections are made

Basal Surface

Microvilli

Cilia

Basement Membrane

What is the basement membrane composed of?

Basal Lamina

Part of basement membrane that is formed by epithelia cells

Reticular lamina

Formed by underlying connective tissues

Simple Epithelia

What epithelia is this?

Avascular

No blood supply

Apical Layer

Basal Layer

Simple Epithelium

Stratified Epithelium

Simple Squamous Epithelium Location & Function

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Location & Function

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Location & Function

Simple Columnar Location & Function

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Location & Function

Location: Respiratory tract (ciliated), male reproductive tract (non

What are the four types of simple epithelia?

1) Simple Squamous
2) Simple Cuboidal
3) Simple Columnar
4) Pseudostratified Columnar

Goblet Cells

Teardrop shaped mucus

Simple Squamous Epithelium Traits

Simple Cuboidal Epithelia Traits

Simple Columnar Epithelium Traits

Pseudostratified Epithelium Traits

Stratified Epithelia

Keratinized Stratified Squamous

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Transitional Epithelium

Glands

One or more cells that manufacture and secrete a substance (hormones, oil, sweat, etc)

Classified

Depending on their mode of secretion

Endocrine Glands

Exocrine Glands

Exocrine Gland Structure

Look at the picture

Unicellular Glands

Meorcrine

Apocrine Glands

Holocrine Glands

Serous Glands

Mucous Glands

Mixed Glands

Contain both cell types and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions

Connective Tissues

The most abundant, widespread, and diverse tissue type in the body

Functions of Connective Tissues

Connective Tissue Characteristics

Areolar Connective Tissue

Cartilage Connective Tissue

Avascular (no blood supply)

Components of connective tissues

Skeletal Sytem

Ligaments

Hold bones together at the joints

Tendons

Attatches muscles to bones

Functions of Skeleton

Epiphyseal plate

Epiphyseal line

In adults, a bony scar marks where the growth plate used to be

Long bone anatomy

Bone (osseous tissue)

Connective tissue with the matrix hardened by calcium phosphate and other minerals

Mineralization/calcification

The hardening process of bone

Dynamic

Continually remodels itself and interacts physiologically with all of the other organ systems of the body

Connective tissue is made out of?

Bone as a supporting connective tissue is composed of ?

What are the 4 types of bone cells?

Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

Osteoprogenitor

Bone stem cells

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes