Essentials Exam 1

the invasion of a susceptible host by pathogens or microorganisms; results in disease

infection

presence and growth of microorganisms within a host without tissue invasion or damage

colonization

the infectious process transmitted from one person to another

communicable disease

term that describes when clinical signs and symptoms are present

symptomatic

term that describes when clinical signs and symptoms are present

symptomatic

term that describes when clinical signs and symptoms are NOT present

asymptomatic

______ infections results from delivery of health services in a health care facility

healthcare associated

who is at greater risk for HAIs (healthcare associated infections)

elderly, immunocompromised, multiple illnesses, poorly nourished

_____ HAIs come from microorganisms **outside the individual**

exogenous

_____ HAIs occur when patient flora has become altered and an overgrowth occurs (ex. C.diff)

endogenous

_____ HAIs result from a procedure (CLABSI, wound side infection)

iatrogenic

single-cell organisms, named by shape

bacteria

smallest microorganisms, not killed by antibiotics; reproduce inside living host cells

viruses

single-cell organisms such as mold and yeast

fungi

infectious agent pathogen that lives on or in other organisms

parasite

in the chain of infection: the ______ that acts as the source of infection and includes inanimate objects, humans, and animals

reservoir/host

in the chain of infection: the means by which the pathogen escapes from the reservoir of infection

portal of exit

in the chain of infection: food, water, air, humans, animals, contaminated equipment, and medications are examples of

reservoir

in the chain of infection: emesis (vomit), sputum, urine, stool, blood, genital secretions, and wound drainage are all examples of

portal of exit

in the chain of infection: the way an infectious agent gets into your body (ex. contact, droplet, airborne, vector borne)

modes of transmission

in the chain of infection: ____ is the mode of transmission that involves meeting of body surfaces with other bodies or objects

contact

in the chain of infection: ____ is the mode of transmission that involves microorganisms dispersed by air, then inhaled or deposited

airborne

in the chain of infection: ____ is the mode of transmission that involves mucous membranes of respiratory tract being exposed to secretions of infected person

droplet

in the chain of infection: ____ is the mode of transmission that involves blood-feeding anthropoids such as insects or ticks

vector borne

MRSA, C.diff, and drug resistant organisms are all transmitted through _____.

contact

TB, measles, and chicken pox are all transmitted through _____.

airborne

influenza and RSV are all transmitted through _____.

droplet

Lyme disease, West Nile virus, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever are all transmitted through _____.

vector borne

COVID is an example of ___ __&__ ____ transmission

airborne, droplet

in the chain of infection: the means by which the microorganism enters the susceptible host

portal of entry

in the chain of infection: examples of portal of entry

GI, GU, respiratory, skin break

in the chain of infection: the individual exposed to an infectious disease

susceptible host

in the chain of infection: individuals who are most susceptible to infection

age extremes, immunocompromised, trauma, surgery

______ is when microorganisms develop resistance to medications that had been previously successful at treating the infection

drug resistance

_____ is an example of drug resistance towards antibiotics

MRSA

_____ and _____ can decrease the risk of transmission

PPE, hand washing

the number one way of preventing infection is _______

hand washing

Wii method

wash, introduce, identify

when do you surgical hand scrub

surgical procedures

hand hygiene: rub vigorously with soap for at least ____ seconds

15-30

hand hygiene: alcohol-based rub should be rubbed

until alcohol is dry

hand hygiene: precautions for C.diff include:

washing with soap and waterhand

hand hygiene: a commonly missed part of hand washing is the _____

wrists

who is standard precautions used on

every patient

isolation documentation: how should isolation be documented before and after?

begun, discontinued

isolation documentation: who should be educated on proper isolation procedures

patient and family

isolation documentation: what should be marked on the chart during precautions?

isolation precautions required

isolation documentation: whose policy should you refer to if isolation is broken?

institution

what should be required for a patient with **contact** precautions?

hand washing, gown, gloves

what should be required for a patient with **airborne** precautions?

negative airflow, hand washing, N95

what should be required for a patient with **droplet** precautions?

hand washing, gown, gloves, mask, eyewear

PPE: who does PPE use protect?

everyone

PPE: when should PPE be used

isolation precautions, contact with bodily fluids

PPE: effectiveness of masks is decreased when ________ or ____

wet, worn long

PPE: ____ ____ should be used when patient is suspected of having or has a contagious airborne disease

particulate respirators

PPE: _____ protects against contamination

waterproof gowns

PPE: personal protective equipment includes

masks, particulate respirators, waterproof gowns, goggles, caps, shoe covers

donning steps

1. gown
2. mask
3. goggles
4. gloves

doffing steps

1. gloves
2. glasses
3. gown
4. mask

airborne precautions requires _____ air flow

negative

_____ isolation is used for patients who have compromised immune systems

protective

no ____ items may be brought into a protective isolation room

live

_____ asepsis refers to procedures which **reduce** microorganisms from an area or object

medical

_____ asepsis refers to procedures which **eliminate** microorganisms from an area or object

surgical

_____ asepsis includes “clean” field, hand hygiene, “clean” gloves, standard precautions, and cleaning equipment between patients

medical

______ asepsis includes “sterile” field, sterile gloves, and sterile procedure

surgical

removal of pathogenic microorganisms

disinfection

disinfection typically destroys all pathogenic microorganisms **except** _____ from inanimate objects

spores

process used to destroy all microorganisms, including their spores

sterilization

7 principles of surgical asepsis

sterile can only touch sterile, only sterile objects in sterile field, object falling below waist: unattended objects or turning back on field and DO NOT cross arm over sterile field, prolonged exposure to air contaminates field, moisture onto a sterile field causes field to become contaminated, fluid flow in direction of gravity, one inch border around filed contaminated

t/f: skin is never sterile

true

when do you ask a patient about latex allergies when setting up sterile field?

before

when opening sterile packages, open flap _____ first

farthest away

t/f: you can reach over the sterile field

false

t/f: you can use the one inch border to move the sterile field before you have donned your sterile gloves

true

when pouring sterile fluids, you should begin by _____

lipping

what should you do with extra sterile water/fluids?

label date, time, and initials

how long is sterile water good for?

24 hours

the difference between the nursing and medical models is that the nursing model sees the patient as a _____

holistic being

When critical thinking in nursing, TEA stands for

transfer, evaluate, apply knowledge

clinical judgement must be ______

accurate

______ reasoning is specific to general

inductive

______ reasoning is general to specific

deductive

“My patient doesn’t like needles, so all patients don’t like needles” is an example of ______ reasoning

inductive

“All patients don’t like needles, so my patient won’t like needles” is an example of ______

deductive reasoning

3 levels of critical thinking

basic, complex, commitment

______ level of critical thinking includes focusing on performing skills and organizing activities, trusting experts have the right answers, concrete thinking of rules, single solution resolving each problem (right and wrong)

basic

______ level of thinking relies less on experts and trusts own decisions, analyzes clinical situations, examine choices independently; allows for flexibility and original solutions, considering different options from routine

complex

ways to develop critical thinking skills

reflective journaling, meeting with colleagues, concept mapping

concept mapping: Step 1

organize data, form patterns, identify diagnosis

concept mapping: Step 2

cultural relevance, individualized problem solving

concept mapping: Step 3

link diagnosis and interventions

nursing model: what’s wrong with the patient because of the ______

diagnosis

ADPIE

assess, diagnose, plan, implement, evaluate

What is the nursing process

ADPIE

NIC

nursing interventions classifications

NOC

nursing outcomes classification

anatomy of a nursing diagnosis: what is the order of a nursing diagnosis?

NANDA r/t symptoms/diagnosis aeb subjective and objective data

anatomy of a nursing diagnosis: r/t

related to

anatomy of a nursing diagnosis: aeb

as evidenced by