PSY 430 Midterm 3

Roughly how much of our life is spent asleep

1/3 (36%)

occurs on a 24hr cycle and includes sleep and wakefulness

circadian rhythm

Light triggers the _________ to decrease (morning) melatonin from the pineal gland and increase it at night

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is located in what part of the brain

hypothalamus

Speicial __________ cells on our retina that respond to light, these cells are sensitive to lighting over a period of time

ganglion

__________ hormone released/ regulated by the pineal gland that regulates the sleep-wakefulness cycle

Melatonin

signals from _________ regulate melatonin production

SCN

Has an excitatory and inhibitory effects on brain areas

Hypothalamus

releases neurotransmitters to excite the cortex; stimulation can awaken sleeping individuals

Midbrain

release neurotransmitter to arouse the cortex, dormant while asleep

Pons

Act as shut door blocking out communcation btwn the forebrain and the peripheral body parts during sleep

pons

Inhibitory neurotransmitter
ecreasing the temperature and metabolic rate

gaba

Acetecoli, glutamate, and dopamine to arouse thalamus, hypothalamus, and basil forebrain

Excitatory pathways

functions to inhibit the neural activities in the brain and decreases the body temp and rate of metabolic process

gaba

in inhibitory pathways before and during sleep the brain becomes less sensitive to what

sensory inputs

in inhibitory pathways of sleep inputs to what are decreased

cerebral cortex

when the motor cortex and additional areas are not properly inhibited this can lead to

Sleep walking

when sleep walking occurs ______ is allowing communication between the motor cortex and the spinal cord

pons

cells in this structure extend axonal connections to other brain areas including thalamus and cerebral cortex, activities here can further regulate activities in thalamus and cerebral cortex

Basal forebrain

activities in the basal forebrain can further regulate activities

thalamus and cerebral cortex

what are the three main ways we benefit from sleep

energy conservation, restoration, memory consolidation

genes associated with metabolic pathways are only turned on during sleep this supports what function/benefit of sleep

Restoration

Process to integrate recently learned experiences and knowledge into long term memory

Memory consolidation

At hippocampus, the pattern of activity during _____ after learning were similar to those shown during ______

sleep, learning

biological rhythms differ between people and change as a function of ____

age

when you are younger you need ______ sleep
as you get older the amount of sleep you need ______

more, decreases

jet lag is due to the disruption of what

the circadian rhythm

genes affecting mental illness also affect __________

sleep

more light means a ____________ in melatonin
less light means a ___________ in melatonin

decrease, increase

Persistent inability to fall asleep or stay asleep

insomnia

Bluelight in phones disrupts

the circadian rhythm

Overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up

Narcolepsy

Normal person 16 min to enter REM, people with _________ enter REM much faster

narcolepsy

we pass through a cycle of 5 stages about every

90 minutes

When an individual closes their eyes but remains awake the brain activity slows down to a laarge amplitude and slow ________ wave

alpha

During early, light sleep (1-2) the brain enters a high-amplitude, slow, regular wave form called ________ waves

theta

a person who is ________ show theta activity

daydreaming

____________ in theta waves are being linked to memory consolidation

sleep spindle

During deepest sleep (3-4) brain activity slows down. Large amplitude, slow _______ waves

delta

during REM sleep the brain engages in low amplitude, fast and regular _______ waves, much like awake-aroused state

beta

After reading the deepest sleep stage (stage 4), the sleep cycle starts moving

backwards

Fatigue, impaired concentration, memory and creativity, emotional irritability (more impulsive), high levels of stress and suppressed immune system, the brain craves for stimulants (food, drug, alcohol) are all harm from what

sleep deprivation

sleep disruption is an early sign of

mental illness

Brain network for _____ may be target areas for treating mental illness

sleep

sleep paralysis occurs when some cortical areas are awake but pons is still inhibiting the ________

motor cortex

With each 90 minute cycle, stage 4 __________ and the duration of REM sleep _________

decreases, increases

Dreams provide stimulation to develop and preserve ______ pathways

neural

We dream as a part of brain __________ and ____________ development

maturation, cognitive

What are the four components of emotion

cognition, feeling, action, physiological

Yerkes-Dodson Law is the relationship between

arousal and performance

Yerkes-Dodson Law a what shaped curve

bell

An __________ strong stimulus can be more easily remembered

emotionally

Facilitates awareness of a stimulus and helps it grab our attention is what function of memory

emotion and cognition

emotions can be communicated by reading emotions from

facial expressions and body positionss

stract, martin, and stepper (comic strips) studies how what can effect emotion

peripheral body events (action)

what did the results from Stract, martin, and stepper (1988) indicate

that peripheral body events do contribute to emotional feeling

results from Ekman et al (1983) (directions to make fearful faces) suggest that body response can lead to what

subjective feeling

Suggests that the stimulus leads to body responses which then result in subjective feeling

James-Lange

Mobius syndrome and people with paralysis have normal emotional responses indicating that

peripheral body events is not the only factor involved in emotional feeling

Injected poeple with adrenaline or placebo. Emotion eliciting situation- more fear for a horror movie, more anger when insulted, more laughter for comedy w/ the adrenaline

Schachter (1971)

-How does interpretation influence emotions

Schachter (1971)

Emotion depends on an __________ situation

external

High physiological arousal increases emotion only when people believe that the arousal is caused by the

external situation

Had males fill out questionnaires from female on scary bridge and non scary bridge and see which female got more calls which research

Dutton and Aron

Stimulus leads to body responses which is interpreted by us then contributes to subjective experience

Two factor model

emotions: innate or learned

Matsumoto & Wilingham

olympic and paralypics games reactions to losing analyzed (blind vs sighted person) reaction was the same suggesting

some emotions are innate

Can prosopangnosia individuals recognize emotion?

can recognize emotions despite not being able to recognize face

What are four brain areas associated with emotion

Ginguate cortex, Hippocampus, Hypothalamus, Amygdala

The _____ system which includes the forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus is traditionally regarded as critical for emotion

limbic

PET scans and frmi studies show that what areas are activated during an emotional experience

Cerebral cortex (especially frontal and temporal lobe)

Damage to this area impairs being able to compare utilitarian and emotional aspects

ventral medial prefrontal cortex i

5 differnt types of emotions

happy, sad, fear, anger, surprise, disgust

Where is emotion localized

not localized to one region

Activation of frontal and temporal areas of LEFT hemisphere
Marked by low to moderate arousal

Behavioral activation system (BAS)

Activation of from and temporal areas of RIGHT hemisphere

Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

Increases attention and arousal, inhibition of action

Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

can characterize either happiness or anger

BAS

can characterize either fear or disgust

BIS

Differences in frontal cortex activity relates to _____________

personality

People with greater activity in the left hemisphere tend to be

happier, more outgoing, and friendlier

People with greater right hemisphere activity tend to be

socially withdrawn, less satisfied, prone to unpleasant emotions

Structure in both hemisphere onnected to basil ganglia

amygdala

One of the main areas in the brain for integrating environmental and genetic influence on regulating levels of anxiety

amygdala

damage anywhere along the route of the amygdala to the pons interferes with

learned fears, startle reflex

amyygdala lesion in monkey caused loss of

neophobia (fear of new things) and snake fear

amygdala lesions in humans resulted in

Fearlessness in dangerous situations, cannot recognize fear or disgust

fMRI studies suggest the amygdala responds strongly to

emotional stimuli, facial expressions

the amygdala responds more stringly when facial expressions are

more difficult to inerpret

Seven sins of memory
3 related to ___________
4 related to ___________

omission (forgetting), commission (distortion or unwanted recollection)

memories are

transient (fade with time)

We do not remember what

we do not pay attention to

Our memories can be temporarily blocked, temporary inaccessibility to stored information, this is called the

tip of the tongue effect

We can misattribute the ________ of memory

source

we are __________ in our memories

suggestible

We can show memory _________

distortion

We often fail to forget the things we

would like to not recall

In memory reconstruction some information may be ______ while others may be ______

omitted, created

Human memory is content addressable meaning

an associated cue could help retrieve a memory

Much of human memory has emotional ____________,

overtones