Exam 2- Semester 2

a vast collection of cells and biochemicals that travel in lymphatic vessels, contains a network of vessels that assist in circulating fluids, closely associated with the cardiovascular system

lymphatic system

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

transports excess fluid away from the interstitial spaces and returns it to the bloodstream, absorbs lipids from digestive system and transports them to the blood stream, and defends against diseases

name the lymphatic pathway

capillaries-vessels-nodes-larger vessels-trunks-collecting ducts-subclavian veins (in thorax)

the lymphatic system carries excess fluid from the \___ \_____ back to the blood stream

interstitial Spaces

\___ are lymphatic capillaries that absorb fats and transport them to the blood

lacteals

Microscopic, closed-ended tubes, networks parallel blood capillaries throughout the body, thin-walled, walls formed from simple squamous epithelium

lymphatic capillaries

tissue (interstitial) fluid enters lymphatic capillaries which is called

lymph

lymphatic vessels walls are similar to veins, but

thinner

lymphatic vessels are composed of 3 layers

inner endothelial lining, smooth muscle (middle), and connective tissue (outer)

lymphatic vessels feature

semilunar valves

large vessels lead to

lymph nodes

drain lymph from lymphatic vessels; names for the regions they serve

lymphatic trunks

name the lymphatic trunks

lumbar, intestinal, intercostal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular

drain lymph from trunks

lymphatic collecting ducts

what are the two main ducts

thoracic duct (large) and right lymphatic duct (small)

the thoracic duct drains a much larger portion of the body than the \___ \___ \___

right lymphatic duct

thoracic duct drains into the left \____ near the junction with the left jugular vein

subclavian

the right lymphatic duct drains into the

right subclavian vein

the right breast drains into the

axillary lymph nodes

surgeries that disrupt lymph nodes, such as lymph node removal during excision of certain cancers can cause retention of fluid called

edema

a tissue fluid that has entered a lymphatic capillary

lymph

lymph formation depends on

tissue fluid formation

capillary blood pressure filters \___ and \___ \___ from the plasma

water, small molecules

similar in composition to blood plasma, contains H2O/gases/hormones, tissue fluid lacks plasma proteins

tissue fluid

plasma proteins remain in blood plasma in order to maintain

osmotic pressure

filtration from the plasma normally exceeds reabsorption \= excess \____ \___ being produced

excess fluid

excess tissue fluid results in

hydrostatic pressure being generated within the interstitial spaces that force fluid into the lymphatic caapillaries

lymph formation prevents

edema

the hydrostatic pressure within the lymphatic vessels is \_____ like with veins

low

Lymphatic flow requires

muscle activity and valves

what are the lymphatic function?

absorption of dietary fats, return of small proteins filtered by blood capillaries to the bloodstream, collection of excess interstitial fluid and delivers excess to the bloodstream, delivery of foreign particles to the lymph nodes

what is MALT?

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

\______ lymphatic tissue of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

unencapsulated

\___ and \____ are composed of lymphatic nodules (compact masses of lymphatic tissue)

tonsils and appendix

\__ \__ are aggregates of lymphatic nodules found in ileum (sm. intestine)

Peyer's patches

bean-shaped,

lymph nodes

lymph nodes are found in \___ or \___ along the paths of the larger lymphatic vessels throughout the body, not found in the CNS

groups, chains

what are the major locations of lymph nodes?

thoracic, cervical, axillary, inguinal, supratrochlear, abdominal, and pelvic

what are the two primary functions of lymph nodes?

filter potentially harmful particles from the lymph, and immune surveillance: monitor body fluids via macrophages and lymphocytes

lymph nodes are also sites for \___ production

lymphocytes

lymphocytes and macrophages attack any

foreign intruders

soft bi-lobed gland, located in mediastinum, filled with T-cell lymphocytes that originated in the bone marrow, most resident cells are inactive

thymus

lymphocytes that exit the thymus become mature

T-cells

\____ hormone is important for T-cells production

thymosin

large in infancy/childhood, shrinks at puberty, small by adulthood

thymus

largest lymphatic organ, located in upper-left part of abdominal cavity, resembles large lymph node, contains sinuses filled with blood

spleen

is the spleen the largest lymphatic organ

yes

the spleen contains 2 tissue types

white pulp, red pulp

lymphocytes

white pulp

red pulp

RBCs, lymphocytes and macrophages

does the spleen filter blood, like lymph nodes filter lymph

true

the lymphatic system protects the body against infection by

pathogens

the presence and multiplication of a pathogen in the body can become an

infection

What are the two types of body defenses?

innate and adaptive defense

non-specific defense, a general type of defense, protect against the largest variety of pathogens

innate defense

known as immunity, more specific and precise, targeting specific parts of a pathogen, carried out by lymphocytes

adaptive defense

resistance to a particular pathogen or its toxins, or its metabolic by-products, based on the ability to distinguish "self" from "non-self" molecules in the body

adaptive (specific) defenses

non-self molecules that can elicit an immune response

antigens

what are the two types of adaptive defenses

cellular immune response, humoral immune response

this immune response is performed by immune cells

cellular immune response

this immune response is performed by antibodies

humoral immune response

a lymphocyte must be \____ before it can respond to an antigen

activated

T-cell activation requires antigenic fragments of the pathogen be attached to \___-\_____ \_____ such as macrophages or B cells

antigen-presenting cells

when T-cells encounter an APC displaying antigenic fragments of the pathogen bound to MHC, it recognizes it as \____ and becomes activated

foreign

activated T-cells \_____ \____ and \____ \____ to enhance immune response

clonally expand, secrete cytokines

B cells are activated when an antigen binds to a specific \___

receptor

B-Cell activation requires \_____ from T-cells

cytokines

the digestive system is essentially a \___ \___ consisting of several specialized structures

long tube

the inner portion (lumen) of the digestive tract is \_____ \___ \___ \___ \___ and so is filled with microbes

connected to the outside world

the food that enters the digestive tube helps in

maintaining and regulating the body

food material can be broken down into basic \___ \___ \__ like sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids and glycerol

molecular building blocks

\___ \___ are absorbed across the wall of the tube

building blocks

these molecules are then used to make \____ and other structures necessary for the body's function

proteins

the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that membranes can absorb

digestion

what are the two forms of digestion?

mechanical and chemical

breaks down large pieces of food into small ones, but does not change their chemical compostion

mechanical digestion

breaks down food particles by changing them into simpler chemicals

chemical digestion

organs of the digestive system perform \___ and \____ digestion

mechanical, chemical

the digestion system also performs

ingestion, propulsion, absorption, and defaction

the digestive system is made up of the

alimentary canal and accessory organs

the long tube that extends from the mouth to the anus and operates as a food passageway

alimentary canal

consists of organs that empty secretions into the alimentary canal; food does not pass through

accessory organs

How long is the alimentary canal?

8 meters long

the alimentary cavity passes through what cavities?

thoracic and abdominopelvic

innermost epithelial layer; mucous membrane that secretes mucous

mucosa

connective tissue, vessels and nerves, nourishes cells; transports absorbed food molecules

submucosa

muscle tissue divided into circular and longitudinal muscle groups

muscularis

outermost epithelial layer; serous fluid eliminates friction

serosa

what are the two types of movements in the digestive tract?

mixing and propelling movements

muscle in small section contracts rhythmically, does not propel materials in one direction

mixing movements

moves material in one direction

propelling movements

ring of contraction progresses down tube; propels food particles along digestive tract

peristalsis

controls secretions

submucosal plexus

controls gastrointestinal motility

myenteric plexus

what are the two types of impulses?

parasympathetic and sympathetic

increase activities of the digestive system

parasympathetic impulses

inhibit digestive actions

sympathetic impulses

the \___ is the 1st part of the alimentary canal

mouth

the mouth is the location where food

ingestion and mastication occur

mechanical breakdown of solid particles that mixes with saliva

mastication