Biology-MIdterm 1

Chapers 1-6 ( some of 6

Five Fundamental Characteristics of all living things

Cells, replication, information, Energy, Evolution

Three unifying Theories of Biology

The cell theory, The chromosome theory of inheritance, the theory of evolution

Cells

all organisms are made up of membrane bound cells

Replication

all organisms are capable of reproduction

information

all organisms process hereditary information encoded in genes as well as information from environment

energy

all organisms acquire and use energy to stay alive

evolution

populations of organisms are continually evolving

Three principles of cell theory

all organisms are made of cells

the cell is the smallest unit of life

all cells come from pre-existing cells

who was the chromosomal theory of inheritance proposed by

Sutton and Boveri

where are genes located

on chromosomes

Where is hereditary or genetic information encoded

in genes

what are chromosomes

deoxyribonucleic acid- DNA

Is DNA a hereditary Material

yes

what are genes

segments of DNA

what do genes do

code for cell products

DNA carries/ encodes _ for_

information needed - an organisms growth and reproduction

Double helix is made of what building blocks

ATCG

james watson and Frances Crick only accomlished because of who and what

Rosalind Franklin and her X-ray Crystallography images

DNA codes for — which codes for—

ribonucleic acid (RNA)- proteins

what is the central dogma

describes flow of information in cells

what does dogma mean

framework for understanding

Proteins determine what traits

physical traits

DNA sequence changes lead to - that underlie - of life

heritable variations - diversity

chemical reactions that take place in cells require what

energy

what two fundamental nutritional needs do organisms need

acquiring chemical energy in form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

molecules that can be used as building blocks to make DNA, RNA, proteins, etc

how organisms acquire- is central to - of life

energy- diversification

what is evolution

change in the characteristics of a population over time

what is population

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same geographical area at the same time

Darwin and Wallace’s two claims regarding the natural world

species are related by common ancestry

characteristics of species can be modified from generation to generation

what is descent with modification

characteristics of species can be modified from generation to generation

what does natural selection explain

how evolution occurs

two conditions that must be met for natural selection to occur in a population

individuals must vary in characteristics that are heritable

in particular environment certain versions of these heritable traits help individuals reproduce more than other versions

what does heritable mean

can be passed onto offspring

without - life would not be possible

water

what percentage of water are cells made up of

75

is water polar or non polar

polar

what bonds form between water molecules

hydrogen bonds

the - of water molecules gives it important properties

polarity

oxygen atoms on a water molecule have what charge

partial negative

hydrogen atoms on a water molecule have what charge

partial positive

what geometry does a water molecule have

bent

partial charge on - attracts partial negative charge on -

hydrogen-oxygen

weak electrical interactions between hydrogen and oxygen atom is called

hydrogen bonds

structure of water gives it how many unique properties

4

what are the unique properties of water

1 adhesion/cohesion and surface tension

2 Less dense when frozen

3 high specific heat

4 efficient solvent

what is cohesion

attraction between like molecules

water is c-

cohesive

how does water molecules interact with other water molecules

hydrogen bonds

what causes resistance to any force that increases water’s surface area

cohesion

what is instrumental in phenomenon known as surface tension

cohesion

what is surface tension caused by

attraction between molecules at surface of liquid

resistance makes water surface liek-

elastic membrane

water has high surface -

tension

what is adhesion

attraction between unlike molecules

water molecules are adhesive and adhere to- charges

negative

water molecules are adhesive and will adhere to - charges

negative

transpiration is the result of what

result of both cohesive and adhesive properties

a meniscus forms where water meets a - as a result of —

solid surface- two forces

in ice, water molecules form a -

crystal lattice

water is less- in solid form compared to liquid form

dense

water- as it freezes

expands

in liquid form does crystal lattice form

no

ice forms an- on water surfce

insulating blanket

water had a high capacity for —

absorbing energy

does water have a very high specific heat

yes

what is specific heat

amount of energy needed to raise temperature of 1 gram of substance by 1C

when molecules - it causes them to - up

move- heat

hydrogen bonds must be - to create - movement

broken-molecular

as molecules increase in- it takes more energy to break the - bonds

polarity- hydrogen

water is a - solvent

efficient

hydrogen bonds can also form between water molecules and - solutes

polar

hydrophilic means

water loving

ions and polar molecules stay in solution due to their interactions with water’s partial charges, this makes them what

hydrophilic

-bonding makes it possible for almost any charged or polar molecules to dissolve in water

hydrogen

what does hydrophobic mean

water fearing

what are uncharged and nonpolar compounds considered when they mix with water

hydrophobic

solvent doesn’t dissolve in water so its

hydrophobic

hydrophobic molecules interact with each other through

hydrophobic interactions

-increase stability of clustered hydrophobic molecules

can der waals interactions

water molecules dissociate into

hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)

what is chemical equilibrium

reaction that is reversible, happens in both directions at approximately same time

do protons (H+) exist by themselves

no

H3O+ is

hydronium ions

Acids have a pH of - than 7

less

Bases have a pH of greater then

7

what does neutral indicate

neither acidic or basic

solution inside living cells is about -pH

7

high proton concentration means

acidic solution

most buffers are - such as-

weak acids- carbonic acid

buffers do what

minimize changes in pH

buffers help maintain - relatively constant conditions in-

homeostasis-organisms

as atmospheric cos increases it causes what

oceans pH to increase

what is energy

quantitative property used to perform work

two main types of energy

kinetic and potential

kinetic energy of molecular motion is called

thermal energy

transfer of energy through molecular motion is called

heat

kinetic energy is what

energy in motion

what is potential energy

energy stored in a stationary object due to its position in space or arrangement of parts

energy is important to - processes

biological

are chemical bonds and movement of molecules from electrochemical gradients kinetic energy

no only the second is