Unit 6-10 midterm psych

dying inside

10% to 15% of adults complain of what, which is a persistent problem in falling or staying asleep?

insomnia

A biased test predicts less accurately for one group than for another, therefore most experts do not consider what type of tests to be significantly biased?

aptitude

A credible authority, repeated suggestions, imagination-enhancing techniques, and affirmation are all ingredients for creating what in a therapeutic setting?

false memories

A longitudinal study, which retests the same people over a period of years (cohort), found what about intelligence as we got older?

Intelligence remained stable and sometimes increased

A meta-analysis finding that improvement is greater for placebo-treated people than for untreated people suggests that therapies help because they offer a fresh perspective offered by a caring person as well as a significant level of what?

hope

A person who believes the philosophy of the following quote to an extreme level may have what disorder: "I want to live longer than my parents, so I avoid germs because everybody carries germs around with them."

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

According to evolutionary psychologists, men prefer women who have a youthful and fertile appearance, women prefer men who seem mature, dominant, and affluent, but people everywhere seem to be attracted to what type of facial features?

Average

According to Freud, what phallic stage term describes a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy for his father?

Oedipus complex

According to Freud's outdated argument, a dream's manifest content is a censored, symbolic version of what, which consists of unconscious erotic drives and wishes that would be threatening if expressed directly?

latent content

According to humanistic psychologists, if our self-concept is positive, we perceive the world positively, but if our self-concept is negative, we fall short of our what, which will leave us feeling dissatisfied and unhappy?

ideal-self

According to research, how might one boost the creative process?

all of the following:
Setting aside time for the mind to roam freely
Developing your expertise
Allowing time for incubation
Experiencing other cultures and ways of thinking

According to researcher Lewinsohn, what accompanies behavioral and cognitive changes, is widespread, mostly self-terminates, and affects women twice as much as men?

depression

According to researcher Rogers' person-centered perspective, people are basically good, are endowed with self-actualizing tendencies and require a growth-promoting climate containing what conditions?

Acceptance, genuineness, empathy

According to researchers Robins and Regier, over 75% of their sample had experienced the first symptoms of a disorder by what age?

24

According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic perspective, what is a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories?

unconscious

According to sleep researcher Dement, the brain keeps an accurate count of sleep debt for at least how long?

2 weeks

According to the three-stage processing model, what term describes the immediate recording of sensory information in the memory system?

sensory memory

According to the three-stage processing model, what term describes the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system?

long-term memory

According to weight obsessed western societies, what is bad and has significantly contributed to the sickness of today's eating disorders?

fat

After the widespread introduction of antipsychotic drugs starting in 1955, the number of residences in state and county mental hospitals declined sharply but left many with what problem?

all of the following:
they were left homeless
They were ill equipped to take care of themselves
They were still disabled and now uncared for

All therapies offer what benefit?

all of the following:
Hope
Trusting and caring relationship
New perspective
Empathy

Although most of our dreams do not contain sexual imagery, 8 in 10 dreams are marked by what?

negative emotions

Although phobias are more common, what is often a response to past and current loss (not future loss) and is the number one reason why people seek mental health services?

depression

Americans' expressed gender and racial attitudes have changed dramatically in the last half-century, however what type of prejudice still lingers?

Subtle, implicit

An intellectual disability is a condition of limited mental ability indicated by an intelligence score below what?

70

Around the 1960s, what type of psychologists became discontented with Freud's negative study of the base motives of sick people, and in response, emphasized human potential and seeing the world through the subject's eyes, not the researcher's eyes?

humanistic

As the night wears on NREM(3) sleep gets shorter and disappears, REM and NREM(2) sleep periods get longer, and we end up sending approximately how many minutes in REM sleep per night?

100 minutes

As you strive to follow a set of expectations (norms) for a military recruit, a college freshman, a newlywed, or a new employee, you may feel like your behaviors are phony and this affect on your attitude is the result of what?

role playing

Associative learning, learning that certain events occur together, causes humans to learn and adapt to their environment according to what three types of learning - (1) how we expect and prepare for an event (2) how we learn to repeat acts that bring good results (3) how by watching others we learn new behaviors.

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning

At home, when should parents give children attention and other reinforcers?

When they are behaving well

At work, managers wanting to reinforce a job well done should reward what type of behaviors?

all of the following: reachable, well defined, specific, achievable

Because aversive stimuli can cause hostility, researcher Anderson projects that global warming of how many degrees Fahrenheit would induce tens of thousands of additional assaults and murders in the United States alone?

4 degrees

Because evaluating personality from Freud's perspective requires a road into the unconscious mind, psychoanalysts use what tool that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics?

projective tests

Because of the problems associated with testimonials, what is psychology's most powerful tool for sorting reality from wishful thinking?

control group

Because people construct their memories, what type of eyewitnesses, when exposed to misinformation, are more susceptible to believe that they saw the misleading details as part of the event?

children

Because we were not born with a genetic blueprint for life, what term would describe a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience?

learning

Before what age do intelligence tests rarely predicts children's future aptitudes with the exception of extremely impaired or precocious children?

3

Before you go to sleep at night, when is a good time to stop studying in order to best commit information to memory?

1 hour

British psychologists Eysenck and Eysenck believe we can reduce many of our normal individual variations to which two genetically influenced dimensions?

Extroversion, introversion, emotionally stable, emotionally unstable

By far, what is the most widely used stimulant that over 80% of Americans consume on a daily basis?

caffiene

Chartrand and Bargh coined what term that describes how we naturally mimic others' expressions, postures, and voice tones?

chameleon effect

Classical conditioning involves what type of behavior that occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus we do not control?

respondent behavior

Cross-sectional studies where researchers test and compare people of various ages are flawed because they not only compare people of different ages, they also compare what?

all of the following:
People from different eras
People from large families to people from small families
People from different locations
People with higher education to lower education

Current psychological researchers believe that the unconscious processes information without our awareness and does not contain seething passions and repressive censoring, but what researcher was originally correct that we have limited access to all that goes on in our minds?

sigmund freud

Despite human behavior variations, a person's average outgoingness, happiness, or carelessness over many different situations is what?

predictable

Despite not working well for adults or non Anglo-Saxons, today's intelligence tests produce a mental ability score based on a test-taker's performance relative to what?

The average performance of others the same age

Despite your motor cortex being activated during a dream and your brainstem blocking the messages, recurring paradoxical sleep (REM sleep) is characterized by vivid dreams for about how long per sleep cycle?

10 minutes

Even though people can fake answers to create a good impression, what type of assessment is developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups?v

empirically derived test

Evidence suggests that what is largely, perhaps entirely, responsible for racial gaps on test scores?

environmental differences

Except during scary dreams, what stage of sleep do your genitals become aroused whether or not the dream's content is sexual?

REM sleep

For humanistic psychologists, a central feature of personality is what, which describes all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves and answers the question, "who am I?"

self-concept

For some people, during what part of the year are you more likely to experience a few of the symptoms of depression?

dark months of winter

For some people, especially women, and those living far from the equator, the wintertime blahs constitute a form of depression known as what?

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

For things you already do well, what will likely make you perform even better?

An audience

High-scoring groups and individuals on mental ability tests are more likely to attain what?

Greater education and income

Higher-than-average levels of which hormone correlates with irritability, low tolerance for frustration, assertiveness and impulsiveness which are all qualities that predispose somewhat more aggressive responses to provocation?

Testosterone (testis)

How do most humanistic psychologists assess personality and determine if our actual-self and our ideal-self concepts are aligned which would indicate a positive self-concept?

questionnaire

How might we build up our self-control and reinforce our own desired behaviors and extinguish the undesired ones?

all of the following:
Monitor how often you engage in your desired behavior
Reduce the rewards gradually
State your goal in measurable terms and announce it
Reinforce your desired behavior

Human behavior varies widely from situation to situation and critics of what theory on personality point out that it cannot predict behavior in any one particular situation?

trait

Humanistic psychologists' view of personality focuses on what potential?

all of the following:
Healthy personal growth
People's development of a positive self-concept
People's striving for self-realization
People's striving for self-determination

Humanistic psychology is pervasive, but how have Maslow's and Rogers' ideas specifically influenced us?

all of the following:
management
education
counseling
child raising

Humanistic psychology's critics complain that its concepts and values are what?

vague and subjective

Humans are likely to do what to those we perceive as similar to ourselves, as successful, or as admirable?

imitate

In his book, Frames of Mind, Howard Gardner describes what revolutionary theory that argues that all eight forms of intelligence have value and that it is one's culture and context to place a greater value on some capacities?

multiple intelligences

In one 1999 community survey, 3 in 4 people agreed with the inaccurate claim that hypnosis enables what phenomenon that describes that people can recover accurate memories as far back as birth?

age regression

In real life, continuous reinforcement does not occur every time a desired response is given, therefore which partial reinforcement schedule describes reinforcers that are provided after an unpredictable amount of time?

Variable-interval schedule

In real life, continuous reinforcement does not occur every time a desired response is given, therefore which partial reinforcement schedule describes reinforcers that are provided after an unpredictable number of responses?

Variable-ratio schedule

In sports, the accidental timing of rewards can produce what type of behavior which may be partially reinforced over time?

superstitious behavior

In studying how we interact with our environment, social cognitive psychologists emphasize what term that describes our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless?

personal control

In the 1st half of the last century psychology defined itself as the science of behavior, but by the 1960s, what advances made it possible to relate brain activity to various mental states, such as waking, sleeping, and dreaming?

neuroscience

In what way do boys' mental ability scores differ?

Boys have better spatial ability and can solve complex math problems better

In what way do girls' mental ability scores differ?

all of the following:
girls are better at detecting emotions
Girls are better at locating objects
Girls are better at spelling
Girls are more verbally fluent

Insight therapies (psychodynamic and humanistic) assume that many psychological problems diminish as what grows?

self awareness

Intelligence tests that assess speed of thinking give whom the disadvantage due to slower neural processing, which does not necessarily mean less intelligence?

older adults

It is estimated that 1 in 6 Americans suffer from significant mental disorders and according to the Centers for Disease Control, the incidence of serious psychological disorders is doubly high among what group of people?

people below the poverty line

It is nearly impossible to sift suggested ideas out of the larger pool of real memories, so we fill in memory gaps (confabulation) with what?

all of the following:
Presumptions
Expectations
Assumptions
Reasonable guesses

Light adjusts our biological clock by activating light-sensitive retinal proteins that affects the pineal gland's production of what hormone?

melatonin

Memories are not permanently stored in the hippocampus, but what helps the hippocampus process and consolidate memories for later storage retrieval from other places in the brain?

sleep

Mood disorders, which are psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes, come in what two principle forms?

major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder

Most of what we know is not the result of memorization, but what research-based study technique could help you remember information?

Survey, question, read, retrieve, review (SQ3R)

Name a dual-action drug that increases the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin (agonist), partially blocks the normal reuptake of serotonin (SSRI), and is used to treat depression and anxiety disorders?

prozoc, zolaft

Name an antianxiety drug that depresses central nervous system activity and can help a person learn to cope with frightening situations and fear-triggering stimuli?

xanax, ativan

Name an antipsychotic antagonist drug that occupies dopamine receptor sites and blocks its activity and reduces the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Chlorpromazine, thorazine

Newer studies use what type of neural imaging device to directly measure brain volume and make a correlation of +.33 between brain size and intelligence scores?

MRI

Nicol and Gottesman noted that what type of cause has not been discovered that will invariably, or even with moderate probability, produce schizophrenia in people who are not related to a person with schizophrenia?

environmental

No known culture is free from depression or schizophrenia, and according to the World Health Organization, how many people worldwide suffer from psychological disorders?

450 million

On average, people can repeat back a range of digits approximately how long?

7 to 9

Operant conditioning involves what type of behavior that operates on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli?

operant behavior

Our bodies roughly synchronize with the 24 hour cycle of day and night through a biological clock called what?

circadian rhythm

Our conscious awareness is one part of dual processing and although much of our information processing is conscious, much of it is what?

all of the following:
unconscious
automatic
outside of our awareness

Our judgments and decisions may not be well reasoned, therefore those who understand the power of what can use it to influence important decisions?

framing

Parents of delinquent youngsters who typically discipline with beating model what as a method of dealing with problems?

Aggression

People who suffer from phobias or panic can hope for improvement from psychotherapy, but people who suffer with less-focused problems like depression and anxiety will usually experience what as an outcome of psychotherapy?

short term benefit with relapse

People who wish to change their whole personality or suffer from chronic what are unlikely to benefit from psychotherapy?

schizophrenia

Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods and what term describes the diminishing effect with regular use of psychoactive drugs that requires the user to take larger doses to produce the desired high?

tolerance, neuroadaptation

Recognizing that therapists and clients may differ in values, communication styles, and language, many therapy training programs now provide what type of training?

Cultural sensitivity

Relaxation techniques, herbal medicine, massage, and spiritual healing are all examples of what type of therapy?

alternative

Research supports Freud's idea of unconscious defense mechanisms and what term describes the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and our behaviors?

false consensus effect

Research supports Freud's idea that we defend ourselves against anxiety and what term describes that thinking about one's mortality provokes death anxiety that increases our contempt for others and esteem for ourselves?

terror-management theory

Researcher Bandura showed that observational learning may have what type of an effect on behavior such as learning that "bullying" is an effective way to control others?

antisocial behavior