Adaptive Immunity

A) To recognize anything that is foreign to the bodyB) To respond to foreign material in the bodyC) To remember foreign invaders

The function of the specific immune system in vertebrates is

The specific immune system responses quicker to the same antigen

The specific immunity retains "memory" of a previous antigen, what is the reponse time if it is exposed a second time?

Adaptive immunity

What is the other name for the specific immunity?

Humoral immunity and cellular immunity

What are the two types of specific immunity?

Humoral immunity

Which kind of specific immunity involves production of antibody proteins and each protein binds a different antigen?

Cellular immunity

Which kind of specific immunity involves T cells that bind different antigens, kill pathogens and controls antibody production?

B cells and T cells

Lymphocyte stem cells mature into what two kinds of cells?

Spleen and Lymph nodes

Mature T cells leave the spleen and go to what two secondary members of the immune system?

Spleen and Lymph nodes

Mature B cells leave the bone marrow and go to what two secondary members of the immune system?

T-helper cell

An antigen is processed by a phagocytic cell which displays the antigen to what kind of cell?

T cells

Most B cells require stimulation from what kind of cell?

Plasma cells and Memory B cells

In humoral immunity, activated B cells turn into what two kinds of cells?

1. TH1 cells2. TH2 cells3. CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocyte cells)4. Memory T cells

In cell mediated immunity, activated T cells turn into what four kinds of cells?

Antibodies

What do plasma cells secrete?

A) To recognize anything that is foreign to the body (differentiate self from nonself)B) To respond to foreign material (antigens) in the bodyC) To remember foreign invaders (antigens)

What is the function of the specific immune system in vertebrates?

B. Immune cells recognize and respond specifically to trillions of foreign substances

Which of the following is TRUE of the specific immune response?A) Immune cells respond similarly to host cells and foreign cellsB) Immune cells recognize and respond specifically to trillions of foreign substancesC) The immunity to one pathogen confers immunity to othersD) Re-exposure to the same pathogen results in a generalized response

Self and nonself substances that elicit an immune response

What are antigens?

Peptides

What make good antigens because of their fixed, nonrepetitive shape (unlike lipids, nucleic acids) and are easier to bind to major histocompatibility Complexes?

Haptens

What are small organic molecules that are too small to elicit an immunological response and will elicit responses if bound to carrier molecules, such as proteins?

1. Naturally acquired immunity2. Artificially acquired immunity

What are the two kinds of specific immunity?

Naturally acquired active immunity

What kind of immunity happens when a person has contact with an antigen that causes an infection?

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Which type of immunity is the result of receiving preformed immunity (antibodies) made by another person; for example, transfer via breastfeeding?

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Which type of immunity is the result of one person receiving preformed immunity made by another person through a medical procedure such as a bone marrow transplant?

Artificially acquired active immunity

Which type of immunity is the result of a person developing his or her own immune response to a microbe introduced through vaccination?

An animal is intentionally exposed to an antigen in order to elicit an immune response

How do vaccines work?

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

The collection of genes that code for self vs. nonself recognition in vertebrates is called the what?

MHC Class I

Which class of MHC is found on surface of all nucleatedcells (not RBC) and typing of this MHC is important for transplants?

MHC Class II

Which class of MHC is1. Produced only on cells that can process nonself materials and present antigens to other cells2. Only produced by certain white blood cells3. is required for T-cell communication with macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells4. is essential for the induction of adaptive immune responses?

Antigen presenting cells

What kind of cell degrade pathogens and attach antigens on MHC Class II binding site on surface?

MHC Class I

What class of MHC presents intracellular antigens or virus proteins replicating in cell and can stimulate antibody production?

ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

Antigens bind MHC I where?

The cytoplasm

Antigens are imported into ER directly from where?

MHC Class II

What class of MHC presents antigens which are bacterial, viral proteins in bloodstream?

MHC Class III

What class of MHC is1. various secreted proteins that have immune functions2. mostly secreted products whose presence is not required to discriminate between self and nonself.3. non membrane proteins4. have no role in antigen presentatio

nTwo

How many sets of MHC genes does a person have?

One from your father and one from your mother

Where do you get your MHC genes from?

Non-nucleated cells (red blood cells)

There are only one kind of cells that do not have Class I MHC. What kind of cells are they?

T cell receptors

What are receptors on plasma membrane of T cells that are specific for certain antigens? (How T-cells respond to antigenfragments presented in the MHC molecules)

One

T cell receptors have how many anti-binding sites?

Antibodies

T cell receptors have some similarities to what?

The T cell membrane

T cell receptors are not secreted but always found on what membrane?

Cell proliferation

T cell receptors send a signal to cause what?

Cytokines

The T cell receptors send a signal to cause cell proliferation which then activates the T cell to make what?

1. T-Helper2. Cytotoxic T cells3. Regulatory T cells (Tregs)

What are three kinds of T cells?

T-helper cells (T(H) cells)

What kind of T cells are CD4+ T cells that are activated by the antigen presented by class II MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules on APCs (antigen presenting cells)?

Cluster of differentiation surface molecule

What does CD mean in reference to T-helper cells?

T-helper 1 and T-helper 2

What are the two kinds of activated forms of T(H) lymphocytes (in reality there are 3)?

T-helper 1

Which type of T-helper cells respond to antigens from infected cells such as:• Virus proteins replicating in cell• Cancer cells expressing mutated proteins• Activates cytotoxic T cells to destroy infectedcells?

T-helper 2

Which type of T-helper cells respond to antigens in bloodstream:• Bacterial, viral proteins in bloodstream• Activates B cells to produce antibodies• Aid in having invaders engulfed by phagocytes

T-helper 0

Both TH1 and TH2 created from what cells?

Cytokines

T-helper 0 cells differentiate into T-helper 1 and T-helper 2 cells in response to what?

1. CD28 binds B7 which results in recognition of APC2. CD4 binds MHC II which results in the recognition of the (APC) antigen presenting cell

What are the steps of attachment of T-helper 0 cells to the APC (Antigen Presenting Cell)?

T helper 1 or T helper 2 depending on the kind of cytokines that are present

If T-cell receptor binds the antigen, it becomes activated to become either what two kinds of cells? depending on what?

Clonal selection

After the T-helper cells are activated, proliferation of T-helper cells is done by what process?

Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells

T-helper 1 (TH1) cells secrete IL-2 (interleukin-2) will activate what cells that are nearby?

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc)

What cells display the CD8+ molecular cluster of differentiation on their surface and express antigen specific T cell receptors?

MHC Class I

Activated TC binds what present on all cells?

The APC (antigen presenting cell)

CD8 binds MHC I which leads to recognition of what?

Cell is infected and must be destroyed

If T-cell receptor binds presented antigen that is present on the MHC I, then it tells T cell that the cell is what?

Perforin and toxic "granzymes"

Tc secretes what?

Forms pore in target cell membrane

What does perforin do?

Enters target cell through perforin and breaks down the cellular components of the infected cell.

What the toxic "granzymes" do?

Regulatory T cells (Tregs)

What T cells are derived from either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, recognize self antigens in order to prevent other T cells from reacting to self, are important in "shutting down" the immune response once a particular foreign entitiy has been successfully cleared from the host?

B cells

What kind of cells are derived from stem cells in bone marrow which produce B-cell precursor cells, become activated when interact with specific antigen. Once activated will become a plasma cells and memory cells, both capable of producing antibodies?

TH2 cell

In the first step of activation of B-cells, TH0 binds MHC II on antigen-presenting cell. If T-cell receptor binds antigen, TH0 is Activated to become what kind of cell?

B cell

Activated TH2 activates what kind of cell?

Plasma cells

Activated TH2 activates B Cell, which then stimulates B Cell proliferation and differentiation into what cells?

Antibodies are glycoproteins

What are antibodies composed of?

immunoglobulins, Ig

What is another name for antibodies?

5

How many classes of antibodies?

1. 4 polypeptide chains connected by disulfide bonds2. Light and heavy chains with variable andconstant regions

What is the basic structure of an antibody?

Fc region or Constant region

What region of the antibody binds it to the surface of the cell?

Fab region or Variable region

What region of the antibody binds to the antigen?

Hinge region

What region of the antibody allows each F(ab)fragment to bind antigen independently

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

What are the five classes of antibodies?

They differ in the heavy chain constant regions

How do the difference classes of antibodies differ?

All antibodies of a specific class (e.g., IgA)

What are isotypes?

Different classes of antibodies that bind to the same antigen

What are idiotypic antibodies?

Constant chains

Idiotypic antibodies have the same variable region, but have different what?

Functions

Isotypes have different what?

IgM

First antibody in immune response and is five antibodies held by J chai

nIgG

What is the primary circulating antibody in blood which coats the antigen and eases engulfment by phagocytes?

IgD

What antibody is found on surface of B cells?

IgE

What antibody is bound by mast cells and basophils and is the mediator of inflammatory response?

IgA

What antibody is secreted across mucosa? It is a dimer held together by J chai

nClass switching and antibody response

Antibody kinetics involves what two things?

Class switching

What is the process that involves switching from one isotype to another (IgG to IgM)? It is important in antibody response

Primary antibody response

Initial exposure to a pathogen or vaccinatio

nPrimary antibody response

Which antibody response is this?1. Antibodies appear in serum after several daysand B cells that bind antigen make antibodies.2. IgM, then switch to IgG by Isotype switching.3. B cells change to memory cells

Secondary antibody response

What kind of antibody response is due to a second exposure to a pathogen or a booster dose of vaccine and Antibodies appear in blood within hours (IgG)?

V(ariable), D(iversity), J(joining) regions

What are the three regions of genes (antibodies)?

Isotype class switching

What is the process? Multiple heavy chain constant regions. Helper T cell cytokines stimulate switch. It occurs after splicing to determine antigen bound and before formation of memory cells

Clonal selection

The process by which an antigen selects the best-fitting B-cell receptor, activating that B cell, resulting in the synthesis of antibody and clonal expansion.

Hypersensitivities

What is an exaggerated specific immune response that results in tissue damage; manifested upon subsequent exposure to antigen?

Type I Hypersensitivity

What kind of hypersensitivity is this?They are allergic reactions; anaphylaxis if systemic arising from an inappropriate IgE response. Mast cells degranulate, release histamine. Histamine binds cell H1 receptors which produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes. It results in capillary expansion and liquid influx. Inflammatory response is itching, swelling, and reddening. It is lethal if over whole body

antihistamines, epinephrine, and desensitization

What is the treatment for type I hypersensitivity?

They inhibit binding to H1 receptor

How do antihistamines work in type I hypersensitivities?

It prevents mast cell degranulation

How does epinephrine work in type I hypersensitivities?

It encourages IgG response

How does desensitization work in type I hypersensitivities?

Type II Hypersensitivity

What kind of hypersensitivity is this? A hypersensitivity that is a response to a foreign antigen. It happens in blood transfusion recipients who receive the wrong blood type oran Rh¯ mother has antibodies to Rh+ fetus