It shows us the connections between people, places, and events
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What are the 5 themes of geography? (Mr. Help)
Location, Place, Human-Environment Interaction, Movement, Region
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5 Themes of Geography: Location
Relative Location- describe your areas nearness to other places using directions
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Absolute Location- describe the specific longitude and latitude of your place
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5 Themes of Geography: Place
Physical place: land, water, natural features around your area
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Human place: how humans have made an imprint in your area (language, religion, structures, etc)
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5 Themes of Geography: Human-Environment Interaction
Humans depend: how people depend on the environment in a certain area
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Humans modify: how people modify the environment in a certain area
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Humans adapt: how people adapted to the environment in a certain area
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5 Themes of Geography: Movement
What methods do people use to move goods, people, and ideas in your area
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5 Themes of Geography: Region
Functional region
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Formal region
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Vernacular region
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What do latitude and longitude measure?
Measures exact location (in degrees)
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Latitude: distance north or south of the equator
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Longitude: distance east or west of the prime meridian
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What are individual lines of latitude or longitude called?
Longitude: meridians (run with the prime meridian)
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Latitude: parallels (parallel to the equator)
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Decade & Century - be able to identify what century a year is in
(example:) 1800 is in the 19th century
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1900 is in the 20th century
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Why did European nations encouraged overseas exploration?
*God*: wanted to convert people to Christianity, *Glory*: to claim land for Europe,
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*Gold*: to find wealth and gold
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What advances in technology made overseas exploration possible?
The Carvel- could sail into and across the wind
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Compass- determined direction
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Astrolabe- determined latitude and time
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What European country took the lead in overseas exploration? Who followed it?
Portugal followed by Spain
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What are some achievements of Columbus?
Seeks indies creates link with the Americans
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What are some achievements of Magellan?
Crew was the first to sail around the world
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What are some achievements of Da Gama?
Found an all water route to India
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What are some achievements of Diaz?
Rounded the southern tip of Africa called the cape of good hope
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What continents are made up of the New World?
North, South, and Central America
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What continents are made up of the Old World?
Asia, Africa, and Europe
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What was the significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas/line of demarcation?
The significance is where Spain and Portugal get to explore, Pope established it
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How were the Spanish able to conquer the Aztecs and Incan empires?
1. Spanish had superior weapons
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2. Cortés could ask for help of many native groups
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3. Spanish diseases killed them bc they had no immunity to them
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What happened to the Native American population upon the arrival of the Europeans?
Millions died from diseases such as small pox and measles
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How did Europeans (Spain) benefit from their American Colonies?
-people lived longer lives from potatoes
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-population increased
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-became wealthier
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What is the encomienda system?
a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it
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What was it like for the "natives" under Spanish rule?
-Spanish forced native Americans to work work in the encomienda
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-Natives had to farm, ranch, or mine for Spanish landlords
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-They were abused and some of them were worked to death (mines were dangerous)
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-Treated as slaves
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Why did the Atlantic slave trade begin?
To fill the labor shortage in the Americas
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What were the advantages of getting slaves from Africa?
Africans had immunity to many European diseases
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Why would other Africans participate in the slave trade?
-for the gold, guns, and other goods
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-lured by the profits
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What is the Columbian Exchange?
The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas.
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Commercial Revolution/Economic Revolution
Commercial revolution- expansion of trade and business during the 16th and 17th centuries
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What is capitalism?
an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment in business ventures in order to make profit
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How does Capitalism work?
People invest their money in businesses to make a profit
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What is a joint-stock company?
A business in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose, then share the profits
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What are benefits to investors in a joint-stock company?
Able to share in rewards
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What is the economic policy of mercantilism? How could nations get a favorable balance of trade?
The British get the most profit from trade with the US; favorable balance of trade by controlling trade.
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By selling more to other countries than they bought from it
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What role/purpose did colonies have in this system?
Depended on trade
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How do colonies fulfill their role within the mercantile system?
Raw materials
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What were the effects of the new economic policies on European society?
- merchants grew wealthy/powerful creating the middle class
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-towns/cities grew larger- but most people lived in the countryside (poor farmers) not impacted by business changes
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-European countries grew rich and developed a sense of national identity (us vs them)
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Colony
a land controlled by a distant nation
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Triangular Trade
the transatlantic trading network along with slaves and other goods were carried between Europe, Africa, and the lands in the Americas
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Middle passage
the voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies, and later to North and South America, to be sold as slaves...it was considered the middle leg of the triangular trade
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Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
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Favorable Balance of Trade
an economic situation in which a country exports more than it imports - that is - sells more goods abroad than it buys from abroad
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Monopoly
complete control of a product or business by one person or group
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Inflation
economic cycle that involves a rapid rise in prices linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available
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Tariff
A tax on imported goods
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Cartographer
mapmaker
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What was the Scientific Revolution?
a new way of thinking about the world based on experimentation and observations in the 1500's to 1600's
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Before the Scientific Revolution, how did people determine the truth?
The church and Roman and Greek ancient beliefs
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What did Newton believe about nature and motion?
1) nature follows uniform laws which could be discovered/known
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2) Motion in the universe can be measured and described mathematically
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Why did the church oppose the heliocentric theory?
1) They thought that if it was proven right, that people would question the rest of the church's beliefs
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2) The ideas went against the church's teachings
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What is the Enlightenment also known as?
Age of Reason
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How did Hobbes and Locke differ on the "nature" of man?
Hobbes: believes that all humans are naturally selfish and wicked, people need to be totally controlled by government
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Locke: believes that all humans are reasonable, people could run their own government
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What are the beliefs of Locke?
Believed that governments were formed to protect the rights of the people
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What are the beliefs of Rousseau?
In a perfect society, people would make and obey the laws. Laws would be based on the common good of society. Believed that governments should be freely elected by the people it governed.
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What are the beliefs of Voltaire?
Strongly believed all people were entitled to freedom of speech
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What are the beliefs of Montesquieu?
Believed that the powers of government should be separated into three branches to best protect liberty. Each branch would provide a check and balance of the others
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What are the beliefs of Beccaria?
Believed that punishment must fit the crime and that capital punishment wrong
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What are the beliefs of Smith?
Believed that the government should not interfere with business activity. Government only has a duty to protect society, administer justice and provide public works
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What is the difference in the economic views of Mercantilism & Physiocrats?
Mercantilists: the belief that you should sell more goods than buy to keep a favorable balance of trade
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Physiocrats: there should be no government interference with trade. They can buy or sell whatever and have no taxes on import goods
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What did most male enlightenment thinkers believe about the rights of women?
Women are considered weaker and inferior to men. Their education came second to men.
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What is the legacy of the Enlightenment?
1)Belief in Progress
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2)Secularism
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3)Rise of Individualism
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Why was Diderot's Encyclopedia important?
It spreads the ideas of the Enlightened allowing those ideas of philosophes spread. It was translated letting people follow the enlightenment ideas.
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What is an enlightened despot?
An absolute Monarch that embraces the principles of enlightenment
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What types of reforms did enlightened despots make?
-Reformed the justice system & abolished torture
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-Freedom of religion & reduced censorship
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-Freedom of press
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-Abolished serfdom
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What is the difference between baroque & neoclassical architecture?