Semester 1 MUN

Geocentric Theory

Earth is the center of the Universe

Heliocentric Theory

the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.

Scientific Revolution

A new way of thinking about the natural world

Galileo Galilei

Among his many scientific discoveries are the law of the pendulum and the fact that falling objects accelerate at fixed and predictable rates. Despite his genius, he lived

the last years of his life under house arrest because his scientific findings did not go along with the Church authorities' interpretation of the Bible.

scientific method

a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.

Isaac Newton

This great English mathematician and physicist brought together some of the theories and discoveries of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under a single theory of motion known as the law of universal gravitation.

Enlightenment

a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems

social contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

John Locke

believed people could learn from experience and improve themselves. criticized absolute monarchies and favored self-government. believed people were born with natural rights- life, liberty, and property

philosophes

Thinkers of the Enlightenment- French word for philosophers; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas.

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

"Social Contract" he explained an ideal society where each community member would vote on issues and majority would become one law.

Beccaria

(1738-1794) wrote 'On Crimes and Punishments', wanted laws to conform to rational laws of nature

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Salons

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas

Baroque

An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements

neoclassical

relating to a simple, elegant style (based on ideas and themes from ancient Greece and Rome) that characterized the arts in Europe during the late 1700s

enlightened despot

Absolute ruler who used his or her power to bring about political and social change

Catherine the Great

This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia

checks and balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

federal system

A government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution. Protect the basic rights as freedom of speech, press, assembly, and religion

government

a system for controlling the society

monarchy

A government ruled by a king or queen

aristocracy

A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility

oligarchy

A government ruled by a few powerful people

democracy

a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.

direct democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives

republic

A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws.

Roman Catholic Church

Church established in western Europe during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages with its head being the bishop of Rome or pope.

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Nicholas Copernicus

After studying planetary movements for many years, this astronomer reasoned that

the stars and planets revolved around the sun, an idea that became known as the

heliocentric theory. Fearing ridicule or persecution, he didn't publish his findings

until 1543, the year of his death.

Aristotle

The ancient Greek philosopher who lived during the fourth century B. C. who developed the geocentric theory that the moon, sun and planets revolve around Earth.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

observed bacteria through tooth scrapings with a microscope

Galen

This ancient Greek physician studied the anatomy of pigs and other animals to make

assumptions on the human anatomy. European doctors of the Middle Ages used his writings despite the fact that he never dissected a human body

Robert Boyle

This pioneer of the use of the scientific method in chemistry is considered the father of modern chemistry. He is best known for the discovery of a law that helps to explain characteristics of gases.

Rene' Descartes

Developed analytical geometry. Focus on mathematics and logic. "I think, therefore I am"

Johannes Kepler

Brilliant mathematician of the early 1600s that used mathematics and Tacho Brahe's data to prove the heliocentric theory of the universe. He discovered orbits were ovals, not circles.

Tycho Brahe

Danish astronomer who collected data to prove that Copernicus was correct, his assistant Kepler would prove it using his data

Francis Bacon

Developed scientific approach became known as empiricism, or the experimental method.

Industrial Revolution

refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the mid 1700s

enclosures

One of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers.

crop rotation

the process of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil; increased nutrients in the soil

industrialization

the process of developing machine production of goods, required natural resources

Natural Resources

Materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain

Britain's Natural Resources

water power and coal to fuel new machines; iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings; rivers for inland transportation; harbors from which merchant ships set sail

factors of production

resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Revolution required (land, labor, capital(or wealth))

factories

a building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled chiefly by machine.

entrepreneur

A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.

Henry Bessemer

Englishman who developed the first efficient method for the mass production of steel

Spinning Jenny

Invented by James Hargreaves that allowed one worker to spin eight threads at a time.

water frame

water frame

Richard Arkwright invented this machine that used the waterpower from rapid streams to drive spinning wheels

turnpikes

Privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them

Liverpool-Manchester Railway

opened in 1830 and connected the industrial city of Manchester with the port of Liverpool powered by the Rocket engine created by Stephenson and his son

George Stephenson

English railway pioneer who built the first passenger railway in 1825 (1781-1848) as well as made the Rocket engine with is son

James Watt

improved the steam engine by making it work faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel

urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

middle class

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

mass production

system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items

interchangeable parts

identical machine-made parts

assembly line

an innovation that changed the way people worked in factories; the product moves from worker to worker, as each person performs a step in the manufacturing process

division of labor

different workers do different tasks

specialization

an economic concept that refers to separating tasks

economic interdependence

a society in which people rely on one another for the resources, goods, and services they need

stock

certain rights of ownership to a business or company

corporation

a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

Adam Smith

Economist who wrote Wealth of Nations; defended the idea of free economy (markets) and believed the government shouldn't interfere; introduced his three natural laws of economics

natural laws of economics

law of self interest, law of competition, law of supply and demand

laissez faire

the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference

capitalism

an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit

utilitarianism

idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

socialism

the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all

Karl Marx

Introduced a radical type of socialism; wrote The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels

communism

a form of complete socialism in which the means of production- all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses- would be owned by the people; private property would cease to exist and all goods and services would be shared equally

anarchism

argued that government actually hurt people and should be done away with entirely

unions

workers joined together in voluntary labor associations

strike

refuse to work

imperialism

seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country

racism

belief that one race is superior to others

Social Darwinism

social theory; Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution and natural selection were applied to society. Fittest enjoyed wealth and success and considered superior

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa; Africans were not invited to this

Shaka

Zulu chief who used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state

Boers

Dutch settlers in South Africa, means farmers in Dutch

Boer War

War between the British and the Dutch over Dutch independence in South Africa; resulted in British victory .(1899-1902)

Geopolitics

An interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products

Crimean War

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France caused Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industrialize.

Suez Canal

human-made waterway that cut through the Isthmus of Suez, connecting the Red Sea to the Mediterranean

Sepoys

Indian troops who served in the British East India Company army

jewel in the crown

the British colony of India--- so called because of its importance in the British empire, both as a supplier of raw materials and as a market for British trade goods; most valuable of all the British colonies

Sepoy Mutiny

The revolt against the British by many different groups across India 1857 but led particularly by some of the disgruntled Indian soldiers working for the British. It caused the British government to take over more direct control of India from the British East India Company.

Raj

British rule after India came under the British crown during the reign of Queen Victoria

Pacific Rim

The countries that border the Pacific Ocean, specifically, the countries of East Asia