A&P 2 Week 9 (Digestive System)

digestive system

a long muscular tube lined by mucous with accessory organs

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine large intestine, anus

what is the tube pathway in the digestive system

teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, pancreas

what are the accessory organs of the digestive system

cardiovascular system

the digestive tract provides nutrients for cells via the

oral cavity

which organ of the digestive system mainly deals with mechanical digestion, moistening, and salivary secretions

pharynx

which organ of the digestive system deals with the muscular propulsion of bolus into the esophagus

esophagus

which organ of the digestive system transports bolus to the stomach

stomach

which organ of the digestive system is the primary organ that performs chemical breakdowns of material by acid/enzymes, as well as performing mechanical digestion

small intestine

which organ of the digestive system deals with enzymatic digestion, absorption of water/organic substrates/vitamins/ions

large intestine

which organ of the digestive system deals with the dehydration/compaction of indigestible materials to prepare for elimination as well as the absorption of vitamins of waters

ingestion, mechanical digestion and propulsion, chemical digestion, secretion, absorption, defecation

what are the functions of the digestive tract

mucosa

what is the most superficial layer of the digestive tract

mesentery

what is the deepest layer of the digestive tract

mucosa

which layer of the digestive tract has epithelium that contains glandular secretions and lamina propria

submucosa

which layer of the digestive tract is dense irregular connective tissue, as well as contains large blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

muscular layer

which layer of the digestive tract contains smooth cells in inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer

circular and longitudinal layer

which two layers are in the muscular layer

serosa

which layer of the digestive tract is also known as the visceral peritoneum and is not present in the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and rectum

visceral peritoneum

what is the serosa also known as

adventitia, tissue sheath

since the serosa is not present in the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and rectum what is

mesentery

which layer of the digestive tract stabilize portions of organs and parts of the GI tract, called “double sheets”, and tissues between layer provides passage for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

circular folds

what are the permanent transverse folds in the intestinal lining

villi

which structure of the mucosa are small mucosal projections that stick into the lumen of the small intestine and increase surface area for greater absorption

lamina propria

which structure of the mucosa is the areolar tissue that contains blood vessels, nerve endings, lymphatic vessels, and smooth muscle cells

goblet cells

which structure of the mucosa secrete mucin, are found in the stomach, and both the small and large intestine

muscularis mucosae

what structure of the digestive system contains two concentric layers of smooth muscle

circular layer and longitudinal layer

what are the two muscle layers of the muscularis mucosae

circular layer

which layer of the muscularis mucosae encircles the lumen and is the deeper of the two

longitudinal layer

which layer of the muscularis mucosae contains muscle cells oriented parallel to the tract, is more superficial of the two layers, alters the shape of the lumen, and moves the circular fold/villi

in both the mucosa and submucosa

where are the secretory glands located

submucosal nerve plexus

which nerve plexus is deep to the submucosal layer but superficial to the muscular layer

myenteric nerve plexus

which nerve plexus is deep to the circular layer but superficial to the longitudinal layer

multi-unit and visceral smooth muscle cells

what are the two types of smooth cells

multi-unit smooth muscle cells

which smooth muscle cells are innervated in motor units, and can be connected to one or more motor neurons

visceral smooth muscle cells

which smooth muscle cells lack direct contact with any motor neuron, are arranged in layers and are connected by gap junctions/dense bodies

wave

contraction spreads in a ___

pacesetter cells

which cells contract spontaneously at regular intervals

plasticity

dealing with muscles, ability to function over wide range of lengths

smooth muscle tone

dealing with muscles, normal background level of activity

bolus

what is described as a moist, compact mass of food in digestive tract

peristalsis

what process is described as a wave of contraction in the circular muscles forces the bolus to move forward in the digestive tract

segmentation

what process is described as cycles of contraction which serve to “churn” and fragment the bolus, mostly in SI, some in LI

local factors

a control mechanism that is the primary stimulus for digestive activities, ex. changes in pH, physical distortion of GI walls, or the presence of chemicals​

neural control

a control mechanism that deals with long and short myenteric reflexes leading to peristalsis and segmentation 

hormonal control

a control mechanism produced by enteroendocrine cells

hard plate and soft plate

what makes up the superior boundary of the oral cavity

pulp cavity

what is described as within the tooth and contains arteries, veins and nerves

incisors

which type of teeth are described as being in the front of the mouth, functions to clip and cut, and contain a single root

canines

which type of teeth are described as being conical, and function to tear, slash, and contain a single root

premolars

which type of teeth are described as having prominent ridges, functioning to crush, mash, and grind, as well as containing both single or double roots

molars

which type of teeth are described as having very large crowns with prominent ridges, and function to crush, and grind, with the uppers having three roots and the lowers having two

deciduous teeth

baby teeth are also known as

pharynx

the throat is also known as the

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

what are the three divisions of the pharynx

nasopharynx

what portion of the pharynx is in the area of the throat near the nose, above the uvula

oropharynx

what portion of the pharynx is in the area of the throat near the mouth, and is behind the uvula/ in line with the mouth

laryngopharynx

what portion of the pharynx is in the area of the throat near the larynx

both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers

what innervates the esophagus

mucosa, submucosa, muscular, adventitia

what are the layers of the esophagus (deep to superficial)

bring food to the stomach by peristalsis

function of the esophagus

peritoneal cavity

what is described as being the potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum

parietal

covers body wall(abdominal wall)

visceral

covers organ

mesentery proper

what suspends the small intestine

mesocolon

what suspends the large intestine

7 liters

serous lining of the peritoneal cavity produces how much peritoneal fluid a day

ascites

accumulation of peritoneal fluid to produce a swollen abdomen

stomach

The temporary storage of ingested food​

Mechanical digestion of ingested food​

Chemical digestion of food through the action of enzymes and acid​

Production of intrinsic factor (a glycoprotein)​

are four major functions of which organ

funds, cardia, body, and pylorus

what are the four major regions of the stomach (superior to inferior)

fundus

which region of the stomach is described as the portion of the stomach superior to the esophageal junction

cardia

which region of the stomach is described as being the superior, medial portion of the stomach, within 3 cm of the gastroesophageal junction, and contains mucus glands

body

which region of the stomach is described as the area between the fundus and pylorus; while the mixing of food/secretions takes place

pyloris

which region of the stomach is described as the portion of the stomach nearest the small intestine; and regulates the exit of chyme

pyloric antrum, canal, orifice, sphincter

what are the four regions of the pyloris

pyloric antrum

which portion of the pyloris is connected to the body of the stomach

pyloric canal

which portion of the pyloris is where chyme is “on its way” to empty into the duodenum

pyloric orifice

which portion of the pyloris is the actual stomach outlet

pyloric sphincter

which portion of the pyloris regulates the release of chyme

rugae

the prominent mucosal fold which flatten as stomach is filled

longitudinal, circular, and oblique

what are the three muscular layers of the stomach (deep to superficial)

the dorsal fat of the stomach

what is the greater omentum

gastic surface

gastic pits open onto the…

gastric glands

what is located in the lamina proprietor of the funds and body, and secrete acid and enzymes

parietal cells

which cells directly secrete intrinsic factor(glycoprotein, absorbs B12), as well as secreting HCI(hydrochloric acid)

g cells

which cells are also enteroendcrine cells that produce hormones

chief cells

which cells secrete pepsinogen(inactive proenzyme) which are activated by HCI to become pepsin(active enzyme)

alkaline tide

what process occurs when the bloodstream becomes less acidic when eating, and there is a sudden influx of bicarbonate ions

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

what are the three segment so of the small intestine

duodenum

which segment of the small intestine receives chyme from the stomach and digestive secretions from the pancreas/liver and neutralizes acids

jejunum

which segment of the small intestine is marked by a sharp bend at the beginning of its course, and is where the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption takes place

ileum

the longest segment of the small intestine, ends at the ileocecal valve, and where its materials enter the cecum(large intestine)

circular folds

permanent fixures of the small intestine

intestinal villi

increase surface area for absorption within the small intestine

microvilli

what covers the surface of the villi

paneth cells

one of two intestinal glands, located at the base of the intestinal glands and release defenses and lysozyme(selectively kills bacteria)

goblet cells

one of two intestinal glands, located in the epithelium of villi and secrete mucin onto intestinal surfaces

lacteal

the lamina propria of each villi contains a…

lacteals

what transmits chylomicrons to the bloodstream, via the thoracic duct

gastrin

which hormone of the duodenum is secreted by G cells, and increases stomach mobility, stimulating gastric​ acid, and enzyme production

secretin

which major hormones of the duodenum increases in the secretion of buffers by the pancreas, raising the pH of the chyme