Planning ARCC (reviewer from prof)

Site Planning

Is the art of arranging structures on the land and shaping the spaces between, an art linked to architecture, engineering, landscape architecture and city planning.

• Soil condition

• Topography

• Soil erosion

• Drainage patterns

• Land contour

• Natural attractions of the site

Best area to locate building due to:

• Computer applications in site planning

  – Computer graphics for easy pictorial and analytical studies

• Perspective and isometric depictions of topography

• Slope analysis o Cut-and-Fill calculations

• Watershed analysis

• Simulation Studies

Further site studies, if needed, should be provided such as:

Survey

is a checklist of information or data pertaining to a site.

Physical data

Geology and soil

Physical data

Water

Physical data

Topography

Physical data

Climate

Physical data

Ecology

Physical data

Man-made structures

Physical data

Sensuous qualities

Cultural data

Resident and using population

Cultural data

On-site and adjacent behavior settings: nature, location rhythm, stability, participants, conflicts

Cultural data

Past and future

Cultural data

Images

Contours

are sets of imaginary lines that connect all points of some arbitrary equal elevation on the ground.

Geology and soil

a. Underlying geology, rock character and depth

b. Soil type and depth, value as an engineering material and plant medium

c. Fill, ledge, slides, subsidence

Water

a. Existing water bodies - variation and purity

b. Natural and man-made drainage channels - flow capacity purity

c. Surface drainage pattern, amount, blockages, undrained depressions

d. Water table – elevation and fluctuation, springs d. Water supply – quantity and quality

Topography

a. Pattern of landforms

b. Contours

c. Slope analysis

d. Visibility analysis

e. Circulation analysis

f. Unique features

Climate

a. Regional data on variation of temperature, precipitation, humidity, solar angle, cloudiness, wind direction and force

b. Local microclimates: warm and cool slopes, air drainage, wind deflection and local breeze, shade, heat deflection and storage, plant indicators

c. Sound levels, smell, atmospheric quality

Ecology

a. Dominant plant/animal communities – location and relative stability

b. Their dependence on existing factors, self-regulation, and sensitivity to change

c. Mapping of general plant cover, including wood areas

d. Specimen trees to be retained: their location, spread, species and elevation at base

Man-made structures

a. Existing buildings outline, location, floor, elevations, type condition use

b. Circulation facilities (roads, paths, rails, transit, etc.) location, capacity and condition

c. Utilities (storm and sanitary sewers, water, gas, electricity, telephone, steam, etc.)

d. Location, elevation and capacity

Sensuous qualities

a. Character and relation of visual spaces

b. View points, vistas, visual focal points

c. Character and rhythm of visual sequences

d. Quality and variation of light, sound, smell, feel

Resident and using population

a. Number and composition

b. Social structure and institutions

c. Economic structure

d. Political structure

e. Current changes and problems

Site values, rights, and restraints

a. Ownerships, easements and other rights

b. Legal controls: zoning and other regulations

c. Economic values

d. Accepted territories

e. Political jurisdictions

Past and future

a. Site history and its traces

b. Public and private intentions for future use of site conflicts

Images

a. Group and individual identification and organizations of the site

b. Meanings attached to site, symbolic expression

c. Hopes, fears, wishes, preferences

i. Classification of site by areas of similar structures, quality and problems

ii. Identification of key points, lines and areas

iii. Analysis of current and likely future changes – the dynamic aspect of the site iv. Identification of significant problems and possibilities

Slope Analysis

Useful for making decision about the distribution of land use

Slope <1%

do not drain well

Slope <4%

usable for all kinds of activities

Slope 4% - 10%

suitable for movement and informal activity

Slope >10%

can be actively used only for hill sports or free play

Slope 17%

approaches the limit that an ordinary loaded vehicle can climb, for any sustained period

Slope 20% -25%

normal limit of climb for pedestrians without resorting to stairs

Slope > 50%

may require terracing or cribbing

Topography

The art or practice of graphic or exact delineation in minute detail, usually on maps or charts of the physical features of any place or region specially in relation to their exact position and elevation. Topographic elevations are indicated along given contour lines. A graphic and numerical scale is displayed along at the base of the drawing.

Black

cultural features such as roads, railroads, and civil boundaries (Topographic Map color)

Blue

water bodies (Topographic Map color)

Green

woodlands (Topographic Map color)

Red

developed urban areas (Topographic Map color)

Brown

contour lines (Topographic Map color)

O

A thin organic-rich layer at the surface that consists of devaluing plant material and humus (Soil Legend)

A

Also known as the topsoil layer, it consists of organic material mixed completely with the mineral soil particles. (Soil Legend)

B

Also know as the subsoil, it is the next layer where materials leached from the overlying soil layers have been deposited. (Soil Legend)

C

Represents the unconsolidated material that has not been affected by the soil formation process. (Soil Legend)

Bedrock or ledge

if it exists near the surface, it is found below the C horizon, and is found directly below the B horizon.

Soil

is made up of a mixture of stone and earth.

Stone

3.00” and above (type of soil)

Gravel

0.08” – 3” (type of soil)

Sand

0.08”-.0002” (type of soil)

Silt

0002”-.00008” (type of soil)

Clay

.00008” and lower (type of soil)

Shear strength

determines the stability of a soil and its ability to resist failure under loading

Internal friction

is the resistance to sliding between soil particles, and cohesion the mutual attraction between particles due to moisture content and molecular forces.

Slope failure

occurs when shear stress exceeds shear strength.

Soil bearing capacity

the ability of the surface and subsurface material to carry the weight of the structures. The weight of the building can cause settlement of the soil which in time can damage the building.

Clayey Gravel

Types of Soil and its Engineering Characteristics

• Excellent Stability

• Fair Drainage

• Excellent Bearing Capacity a

Silty Gravel

Types of Soil and its Engineering Characteristics

• Excellent Stability

• Fair Drainage

• Excellent Bearing Capacity b

Clean sand

Types of Soil and its Engineering Characteristics

• Excellent Stability

• Excellent Drainage

• Good Bearing Capacity

Silty or Clayey sand

Types of Soil and its Engineering Characteristics

• Excellent Stability

• Fair Drainage

• Excellent Bearing Capacity d

Silt

Types of Soil and its Engineering Characteristics

• Somewhat Good Stability

• Excellent Drainage

• Somewhat Good Bearing Capacity

Non plastic clay

Types of Soil and its Engineering Characteristics

• Somewhat Good Stability

• Unusable Drainage

• Good Bearing Capacity

Peat

Types of Soil and its Engineering Characteristics

• Unusable Good Stability

• Good Drainage

• Unusable Good Bearing Capacity

Topsoil

critical medium for plants (Soil for Landscaping)

Geophysical Investigations

Are made to determine the geologic conditions that affect the design, safety, effectiveness and cost of a proposed project

Geophysical exploration

methods – seismic, electrical resistivity, sonic, electrical logging, magnetic and gravity methods

Subsurface borings

probings, wash borings, core drilling, calyx drilling, borehole photography, churn drilling, jack and hammer drilling

Geological faults

are lines of weakness caused by previous movements of the earth’s crust and always have a potential for further movement.

Quiescent Fault

Fault type

Normal fault

Fault type

Thrust and reverse

Fault type

Lateral slip, strike slip or transform fault

Fault type

Normal and slip fault combination

Fault type

Graben

Fault type

Horst

Fault type

Aquifers

are underground “reservoir” of water.

Water Table

It is vital to know the information regarding the locations and levels of the water table in the site. Fluctuating water tables can cause problems for development.

Low water table

problem for water supply and for vegetation

High water table

difficulties in excavation, cause flooding in basements, flood utilities and unstable foundations

Fluctuating water table

will cause heavy clay soil alternatively to shrink and swell

Underground water course

critical and no structure should be sited over them

Rock Outcrops

Outcrops of rock on the site can be both problems and assets depending on the purpose for which the site is to be developed.

Mineral Reserve

The site planner needs to establish if the rocks, gravel deposits or sands underlying the project area are of any economic value.

Geomorphology

is the study of the processes that have shaped the earth.

Microclimatology

is the study of climatic conditions within a limited area. It is sometimes referred to as the ―science of small—scale weather‖ It may be inferred that the purpose of the scientific study is to discover facts and principles which may be applied to improve the human condition.

Ideal Climate for Human comfort

clean air, temperature in the 50-80 degrees Fahrenheit (10-27 deg. Celsius), humidity bet. 40-75%, air which is neither stagnant nor subject to severe prevailing winds, and protection from precipitation. (Body temperature 37deg C.)

Effect of soil

dry soil (sand, gravel, and the like) result in higher temperatures and lower humidity; wet soils , loams, and predominantly clay soils in poorly drained marshy areas tend to lower temperatures and higher humidities.

Effect of water

land is warmer on the lee side of a lake or ocean (winter) and cooler on the summer; large bodies have an effect on humidity and microclimate

Climate

interacting variables including temperature, water vapor, wind, solar radiation, precipitation.

Plants and natural vegetation are good indicators of microclimate

plants that thrive best in moist, cool situations will be found in areas of higher precipitation or north-facing slopes.

Shade

patterns of trees and buildings create microclimate

Effect of topography

valleys and ridges

Effect of water

land is warmer on the lee side of a lake or ocean (winter) and cooler on the summer; large bodies have an effect on humidity and microclimate

Effect of sun

difference between concrete and grass was 10 degrees even in the shade

Effect of wind

windbreaks by solid screens create turbulence on the lee side; whereas permeability of plants permit certain amounts to move through less turbulence and greater shelter; wind tunnel devices are used to predict the flow of air around and over building

Latitude

determines the orientation of the sun whereas local conditions determine the summer breeze.

1. By absorbing some of the energy of the wind

2. By frictional drag as the air passes through and around the plants

3. By deflecting some of the wind to higher levels

4. By making the wind move in random patterns so that it becomes turbulent

Four (4) of the ways in which windbreaks reduce wind speed horizontally:

width

Extent of shelter from wind provided by a bldg. is hardly affected by its

length

The extent of shelter from wind provided by a bldg. increases in proportion to its

height

Extent of shelter from wind provided by a bldg. increases in proportion to its