American YAWP #7

What significant political change occurred with Thomas Jefferson's victory?

Jefferson's electoral victory over John Adams marked the Democratic-Republicans' triumph over the Federalists.

What was Gabriel's Rebellion?

A planned revolt by nearly one thousand enslaved men in Virginia to end slavery, which was thwarted before it could occur.

What happened to Gabriel and the conspirators after the rebellion was revealed?

Gabriel was captured, tried, and hanged along with twenty-five others, sending a message against challenging slavery.

How did Gabriel's Rebellion affect the Virginia government?

The Virginia government increased restrictions on free people of color following the rebellion.

What impact did the Haitian Revolution have on Black Americans?

It inspired free and enslaved Black Americans, encouraging their calls for abolition and citizenship rights.

Who was David Walker and what did he advocate for?

David Walker was a Black abolitionist who wrote an Appeal in 1829 calling for resistance to slavery and racism.

What did John Russwurm highlight in his commencement address at Bowdoin College?

He noted that Haitians adopted a republican form of government and emphasized the respect for rights and privileges in Haiti.

What was the Colored American?

An early Black newspaper that promoted the capabilities of people of color and argued against their disabilities.

How did white leaders react to the activism inspired by the Haitian Revolution?

They attempted to reinforce white supremacy by mocking Black Americans and limiting their social and political lives.

What were the 'Bobalition' broadsides?

Racist publications from the 1810s that caricatured African Americans and ridiculed calls for abolition and equal rights.

What fear did the image of Black Haitian revolutionaries instill in white America?

It created fear that enslaved and free Black people might violently retaliate against white people.

Who was Henry Moss and what was significant about him?

An enslaved man who became famous for his changing skin color, which led to discussions about race and curiosity in America.

What did Enlightenment thinking contribute to the understanding of race in early America?

It fostered beliefs in common humanity and societal progress while simultaneously classifying racial types based on physical characteristics.

Who were some Enlightenment thinkers that contributed to racial classification?

Carolus Linnaeus, Comte de Buffon, and Johann Friedrich Blumenbach.

What was the belief about the relationship between race and environment during the Enlightenment?

It was believed that the environment influenced physical characteristics, leading to differences among racial groups.

What did the Enlightenment thinkers claim about the 'Caucasian' race?

They claimed that the cold northern latitudes of Europe shaped and sustained the 'Caucasian' race.

How did the Enlightenment thinkers view human nature?

They viewed it as universal, with differences categorized as 'civilized' versus 'primitive' based on social progress.

What two poles are described in the concept of universal human nature?

The 'civilized' and the 'primitive' on a scale of social progress.

Who published the treatise 'Essay on the Causes of the Variety of Complexion and Figure in the Human Species'?

Samuel Stanhope Smith in 1787.

What theory did Samuel Stanhope Smith propose regarding racial change?

He suggested that improving the social environment could tap into the innate equality of humankind and uplift nonwhite races.

What was Thomas Jefferson's view on the mental improvement of Black people?

He believed that Black people were incapable of mental improvement and suggested they might have a separate ancestry, a theory known as polygenesis.

What was the purpose of Jefferson's theory of polygenesis?

To justify schemes for a white America, such as sending freed Black people to Africa.

Who challenged Jefferson's views on race and demanded the eradication of his 'absurd and false ideas'?

Benjamin Banneker, a celebrated Black surveyor.

What did David Walker's 'Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World' address?

It denounced slavery and racism while praising the inner strength of the Black race.

What did Charles Caldwell and Samuel George Morton argue regarding Black and white people?

They offered a biological case for the belief that Black and white people were separate species.

What did many Americans believe about the coexistence of Black and white races?

They believed nature had made them too different to peacefully coexist.

What significant political change did Jefferson's election in 1800 represent?

It was a victory for non-elite white Americans seeking more direct control over the government.

What did Federalists like Fisher Ames fear about democracy?

They feared it would lead to anarchy due to its dependence on shifting public opinion.

How did Jefferson define the American union?

By the voluntary bonds of fellow citizens toward one another and the government.

What did Jefferson believe about the ability of free people to govern themselves?

He believed that a government answering directly to the people would lead to lasting national union.

What was the significance of the Democratic-Republican celebrations during Jefferson's presidency?

They expressed citizens' willingness to assert greater direct control over the government.

How was early American national identity characterized?

It was coded masculine, white, and wealthy.

Who was Mercy Otis Warren and what was her role in early American politics?

She was a notable female contributor to the public ratification debate over the Constitution.

What concept describes women's roles in the health of the republic during Jefferson's time?

Republican Motherhood, which emphasized women's roles as wives and mothers.

How did the portrayal of women in art reflect their political roles?

Women were depicted as responsible for the health of the republic through their domestic roles.

What was the general attitude of many Americans towards the theories of racial difference during the antebellum period?

Few subscribed wholesale to such theories, but many shared beliefs in white supremacy.

What was a common justification for the institution of slavery among its defenders?

They rejected polygenesis as antibiblical, viewing it as a threat to their justification of slavery.

What did Jefferson's election symbolize for ordinary citizens?

It symbolized a shift towards greater political engagement and control by ordinary citizens.

What did Jefferson argue was the duty of the Chief-magistrate?

To unite in himself the confidence of the whole people.

What was the outcome of Jefferson's efforts to differentiate his administration from the Federalists?

He aimed to create a government defined by the confidence of a rational people rather than by aristocratic elites.

What did Jefferson believe about the revolution of 1800?

He viewed it as a real revolution in the principles of government, akin to the revolution of 1776.

How did the changing definition of citizenship affect women's roles in politics?

Women began to assert their place in political discussions, advocating for their rights and roles in governance.

What does the term 'Republican Motherhood' refer to?

The belief that women were essential in nurturing the principles of liberty in the citizenry, passing along values of independence and virtue to their children.

How did women's actions become politicized in early America?

Women were seen as crucial in choosing sexual partners who aligned with republican values, influencing the health of the party and nation.

What was the significance of the election of 1800 for Thomas Jefferson?

Jefferson's victory over John Adams marked a shift in political power and was celebrated through material culture, such as victory banners.

What policies did Jefferson implement during his presidency?

He reduced taxes, cut the government budget, restricted the army, eliminated internal taxes, and aimed to reduce national debt.

What was the Louisiana Purchase and why was it significant?

The acquisition of Louisiana from France in 1803 for $15 million, considered the largest real estate deal in American history, which secured American access to New Orleans.

What concerns did Jefferson have regarding Louisiana before the purchase?

He was worried about American access to New Orleans, which was vital for western farmers, especially after France reacquired Louisiana in 1800.

What factors led Napoleon to sell the Louisiana Territory?

Pressures from war in Europe and a slave insurrection in Haiti weakened French control, prompting Napoleon to cut his losses.

What constitutional concerns did Jefferson have regarding the Louisiana Purchase?

He inquired about its constitutionality but believed he had to act for the nation's good, prioritizing the interests of the American people.

What was the Embargo Act of 1807?

A policy that closed American ports to foreign trade in an attempt to avoid war and force European nations to respect American neutrality.

What was the public reaction to the Embargo Act?

It faced criticism as it harmed the U.S. economy, leading to smuggling and accusations against Jefferson of being a 'tyrant.'

What incident sparked outrage leading to the Embargo Act?

The British attack on the USS Chesapeake in 1807, which intensified calls for war among Americans.

How did Federalists respond to Jefferson's presidency?

They criticized his policies, attacked institutions like the American Philosophical Society, and lamented the decline of educational standards.

What accusations were made against Jefferson by James Callender?

Callender accused Jefferson of having a sexual relationship with Sally Hemings, which was later supported by DNA evidence.

What was the Federalists' critique of Jeffersonian democracy?

They argued that Jefferson's actions undermined the sovereignty of the people and threatened the established social order.

What was the Federalists' ideological stance during Jefferson's presidency?

Their ideology was rooted in virtue, paternalistic rule by the elite, and the deference of ordinary citizens to a merit-based aristocracy.

What was the impact of Jefferson's policies on his personal finances?

Jefferson's enforcement of the Embargo Act and other policies negatively affected his personal finances.

What role did women play in early American politics according to the concept of Republican Motherhood?

Women were seen as vital in instilling republican values in their children, thus shaping the political landscape.

What was the outcome of Jefferson's inquiry about the Louisiana Purchase?

Despite concerns about constitutionality, Jefferson proceeded with the purchase, prioritizing national interests.

What was the historical context that led to the Louisiana Purchase?

The secret reacquisition of Louisiana by France and the geopolitical pressures of war in Europe influenced the decision to purchase.

How did Jefferson's foreign policy reflect his political ideology?

His foreign policy, including the Embargo Act, aimed to maintain peace and avoid war, reflecting his belief in limited government intervention.

What was the public sentiment towards Jefferson after the attack on the USS Chesapeake?

The attack incited outrage and a strong desire for military action among the American public.

What was the significance of the phrase 'peaceable coercion' in Jefferson's policy?

It referred to his strategy of using economic pressure rather than military action to achieve foreign policy goals.

What did the Federalists accuse Jefferson of undermining?

They accused him of undermining the interests of the public and acting against the principles of democracy.

How did the Federalists' attacks on Jefferson evolve over time?

Their critiques shifted from direct attacks on his character to accusations that he was betraying the democratic ideals he professed.

What political change did the Federalists' adoption of republican rhetoric signal?

A new political landscape where both parties embraced citizen involvement.

What was the Democratic-Republican Party's promise to the electorate?

To expand voting and promote a direct link between political leaders and the electorate.

What did Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe aim to achieve regarding voting?

They sought to make it easier for Americans to purchase land to expand voting rights.

How many new states entered the Union under Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe's leadership?

Seven new states.

By 1824, how many states still had property ownership requirements for voting?

Only three states.

Who was the last Federalist to run for president, and what was the outcome?

Rufus King lost to James Monroe in 1816.

What was the 'Play-off System' in relation to Native American nations?

A diplomatic strategy where Native American nations balanced relations between European empires.

What were some key negotiating points in relations between Native Americans and Americans?

Land boundaries, trade, criminal jurisdiction, roads, sale of liquor, and alliances.

What was the outcome of the Revolutionary War for Native American negotiators?

They were excluded from the diplomatic negotiations and the final document omitted concessions for them.

What role did Native American orators play in diplomacy?

They were skilled in metaphorical language and commanded audience attention, playing key roles in negotiations.

Who was Red Jacket, and what was his significance?

A Seneca war chief who served as an effective intermediary between Native Americans and U.S. officials.

What was the preferred method of conflict resolution throughout the early republic?

Diplomacy was preferred over war to minimize costs and grievances.

What was the impact of white attitudes on Native American relations?

They often relegated Native peoples to the margins and inspired hostility and calls for alliances among Native nations.

Who were Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, and what did they advocate?

They called for an alliance of Indigenous populations to resist U.S. encroachments.

What towns did Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa establish in defiance of treaties?

Greenville and Prophetstown in present-day Indiana.

What earlier coalition influenced Tecumseh's confederacy?

An earlier coalition that fought in Pontiac's War.

Who was Neolin, and what was his message to Native peoples?

A Delaware prophet who urged Native peoples to reject European dependency and restore their spirituality.

What was the outcome of Pontiac's War?

It forced the English to restructure their management of Native-British relations and trade.

What was the 'Western Confederacy'?

A coalition of various Indigenous peoples that waged war against the American republic from 1791 to 1795.

What major battle did the Western Confederacy suffer defeat in?

The Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.

What was the significance of Tecumseh's experiences in the conflict against the American military?

They likely influenced his later efforts to generate solidarity among Indigenous communities.

What influenced Tecumseh's efforts to unite Indigenous communities?

His experiences as a warrior against the American military.

What was Tenskwatawa's role in Tecumseh's movement?

He articulated the belief that they were tasked with returning Native peoples to the true path and ridding communities of Euro-American influences.

What did Tenskwatawa emphasize in his teachings?

Cultural and religious renewal, blending Indigenous religions with Christianity, and apocalyptic visions of a new world.

How did Tecumseh promote unity among Native peoples?

By offering a distinctly Native American identity that united disparate groups under a common spirituality.

What was the outcome of Tenskwatawa's witch hunts?

Those opposing him or accommodating Americans were labeled witches, consolidating his authority.

Who led the Red Stick Creeks in their resistance movement?

Hillis Hadjo.

What was the Red Sticks' goal in joining Tecumseh's movement?

To purge Creek society of Euro-American dependencies.

What hindered Tecumseh's support in the Southeast?

Most southeastern Indigenous leaders cared little for his confederacy, leading to a civil war among the Creeks.

What was the result of the Battle of Horseshoe Bend?

The defeat of the Red Sticks and the cession of fourteen million acres of land in the Treaty of Fort Jackson.

What opportunity arose for Tecumseh during the War of 1812?

The distraction of the United States allowed him to seize several American forts.

What did Tecumseh seek from the British during the War of 1812?

Aid after sustaining heavy losses from American fighters.

What was Tecumseh's fate in the War of 1812?

He fell on the battlefields of Moraviantown, Ontario, in October 1813.

What legacy did Tecumseh leave behind?

A legacy of Native American unity that persisted despite his death.