Transition Metals and Periodic Table: Properties, Reactions, and Uses

What are the typical properties of transition metals?

Transition metals are lustrous, hard, strong, good conductors of heat and electricity, highly dense, and have very high melting points.

How do transition metals differ from alkali metals in terms of oxidation states?

Transition metals can have more than one oxidation state, while alkali metals form ions with a +1 charge.

What is a key characteristic of transition metals regarding their compounds?

Compounds containing transition elements in different oxidation states have different properties and colors in aqueous solutions.

What role do transition metals play as catalysts?

Transition metals speed up reactions without being used up, due to their ability to interchange between a range of oxidation states.

Name a common transition metal catalyst used in the Haber Process.

Iron

What transition metal is used in the Contact Process to produce sulfuric acid?

Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5)

Which transition metal is commonly used in the hydrogenation of alkenes?

Nickel

What is the significance of titanium in medical applications?

Titanium has high biocompatibility and can bond with bones, making it useful for limb and joint replacements.

In what industrial applications are transition metals used?

They are used to form colored compounds in dyes, paints, stained glass, jewelry, and anti-corrosive materials.

How do transition metals compare in reactivity to alkali metals?

Transition metals are much less reactive than alkali metals, which react vigorously with water, oxygen, and halogens.

What happens to a Group 1 metal when it reacts with oxygen?

It tarnishes quickly, forming a metal oxide and losing its shiny appearance.

How long does it take for iron to react with oxygen to form rust?

Iron can take several weeks to react with oxygen and form iron oxide (rust).

Why are scandium and zinc not considered transition metals?

They do not form colored compounds and have only one oxidation state.

How are elements arranged in the periodic table?

Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, with similar properties grouped in columns called groups.

What do the horizontal rows in the periodic table represent?

The horizontal rows, called periods, show the number of electron shells an atom has.

What does the group number of an element indicate?

The group number indicates the number of valence electrons in the outer shell of an atom.

How does the reactivity of Group 1 metals change as you move down the group?

The reactivity of Group 1 metals increases as you move down the group.

What is the trend in reactivity for Group 7 halides as you move down the group?

The reactivity of Group 7 halides decreases as you move down the group.

What does the term 'periodic' in the periodic table refer to?

It refers to the appearance of similar properties in elements at regular intervals throughout the table.

What is the unique feature of the atomic number of an element?

The atomic number is unique to each element and does not change during chemical reactions.

What is the significance of valence electrons in predicting chemical reactions?

The number of valence electrons influences how elements react, allowing predictions about reactivity within groups.

What is the melting point of titanium?

Titanium melts at 1,688 ºC.

What is the melting point of potassium?

Potassium melts at 63.5 ºC.

What are the characteristics of transition metals in terms of density and strength?

Transition metals are much harder, stronger, and denser than alkali metals.

What is the role of transition metals in the formation of colored compounds?

Transition metals form colored compounds due to their variable oxidation states.

How do transition metals conduct heat and electricity?

Transition metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.

What was the primary criterion for arranging elements before subatomic particles were discovered?

Elements were arranged by atomic weight.

What term describes the repeating patterns observed in the arrangement of elements?

Periodic

Who created the first draft of the periodic table in 1869?

Dmitri Mendeleev

How did Mendeleev organize the elements in his periodic table?

He organized them into vertical columns based on properties and horizontally by increasing atomic weight.

What did Mendeleev do when he encountered gaps in his periodic table?

He left gaps for undiscovered elements instead of forcing elements into incorrect positions.

What is the significance of the gaps in Mendeleev's periodic table?

They allowed for predictions of properties of undiscovered elements.

Which element's existence was predicted by Mendeleev as 'eka-silicon'?

Germanium

What limitation did Mendeleev's periodic table have due to the lack of knowledge about isotopes?

It did not account for isotopes, leading to inaccuracies.

What is the modern criterion for arranging elements in the periodic table?

Elements are arranged by atomic number.

How are elements classified in the periodic table?

Elements are classified as metals, non-metals, and metalloids.

What type of ions do metals typically form?

Positive ions (cations) by losing electrons.

What type of ions do non-metals typically form?

Negative ions (anions) by gaining electrons.

What is the trend in metallic character across a period in the periodic table?

Metallic character decreases from left to right.

What is the trend in metallic character down a group in the periodic table?

Metallic character increases as you move down a group.

What is the general bonding type for metals?

Metallic bonding due to the loss of outer shell electrons.

What is the general bonding type for non-metals?

Covalent bonding by sharing outer shell electrons.

What are the physical characteristics of metals?

Lustrous, malleable, solid at room temperature (except mercury).

What are the physical characteristics of non-metals?

Dull, brittle, can be in different states at room temperature.

What type of oxides do metals typically form?

Basic oxides.

What type of oxides do non-metals typically form?

Acidic oxides.

How do metals generally react with acids?

Many metals react with acids.

How do non-metals generally react with acids?

Usually do not react with acids.

What is the relationship between an element's atomic number and its chemical behavior?

An element's atomic number influences its position in the periodic table and its chemical properties.

What is an ion?

An atom or molecule that has become charged through the loss or gain of electrons.

What happens to the attraction of outer shell electrons as you move down a group?

The attraction weakens as outer shell electrons are further from the nucleus.

What is the key difference between metals and non-metals in terms of electron behavior?

Metals lose electrons to form positive ions, while non-metals gain or share electrons.

What are the elements in Group 0 of the Periodic Table called?

The noble gases.

What are the physical states of noble gases at room temperature?

Colourless and non-flammable gases.

Why are noble gases considered unreactive?

They have full outer shells of electrons.

How many electrons does helium have in its outer shell?

2 electrons.

What is the electronic configuration of neon?

2, 8.

What is the trend in boiling points of noble gases as you move down the group?

Boiling points increase as atomic size and mass increase.

What is the boiling point of helium?

-269 ºC.

What are alkali metals?

The Group 1 elements in the Periodic Table.

What do alkali metals form when they react with water?

Alkaline solutions.

Which alkali metal is the least reactive?

Lithium.

What happens to the reactivity of alkali metals as you move down the group?

Reactivity increases.

What is the reaction of lithium with water?

2Li (s) + 2H2O (l) → 2LiOH (aq) + H2 (g).

What is produced when sodium reacts with chlorine?

Sodium chloride (NaCl).

What is the melting point trend for alkali metals as you go down the group?

Melting points decrease.

What is the chemical equation for the reaction of potassium with water?

2K (s) + 2H2O (l) → 2KOH (aq) + H2 (g).

What is formed when alkali metals react with oxygen?

Metal oxides.

What is the reaction of sodium with oxygen?

4Na (s) + O2 (g) → 2Na2O (s).

What do alkali metals produce when they react with water?

Hydroxides and hydrogen gas.

What is the general trend in the physical properties of noble gases?

They have low melting and boiling points.

What is the electronic configuration of argon?

2, 8, 8.

What is the chemical equation for lithium reacting with chlorine?

2Li (s) + Cl2 (g) → 2LiCl (s).

What is the primary reason noble gases are used in welding?

Their chemical inertness.

What happens to the outermost electron in alkali metals when they react?

It is lost to form a 1+ ion.

What is the reaction of potassium with oxygen?

4K (s) + O2 (g) → 2K2O (s).

What is the boiling point of radon?

Around -60 ºC.

What is the trend in the size of noble gas atoms as you move down the group?

The size of the atoms increases.

What are the elements in Group 7 known as?

The halogens

List the halogens.

Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine

What is the common characteristic of all halogens in terms of electron configuration?

They each have seven electrons in their outermost shell.

What type of molecules do halogens form?

Diatomic molecules, such as F2 and Cl2.

What ions do halogens form when they gain an electron?

-1 ions called halide ions.

What is the physical state and appearance of fluorine at room temperature?

Yellow gas

What is the physical state and appearance of chlorine at room temperature?

Pale yellow-green gas

What is the physical state and appearance of bromine at room temperature?

Red-brown liquid

What is the physical state and appearance of iodine at room temperature?

Grey solid that sublimes to form a purple vapor.

How do the melting and boiling points of halogens change as you go down the group?

They increase due to increasing intermolecular forces.

What happens to the reactivity of halogens as you move down the group?

Reactivity decreases.

Why does reactivity decrease as you go down Group 7?

The increased distance from the outer shell to the nucleus makes it harder for atoms to gain electrons.

Which halogen is the most reactive?

Fluorine

What is a halogen displacement reaction?

It occurs when a more reactive halogen displaces a less reactive halogen from an aqueous solution of its halide.

What happens when chlorine is added to potassium bromide solution?

A displacement reaction occurs, producing bromine and turning the solution orange.

Write the reaction equation for chlorine displacing bromine.

Cl2 + 2KBr → 2KCl + Br2

What is formed when halogens react with metals?

Ionic compounds known as metal halide salts.

What is the ionic equation for the formation of sodium chloride?

2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl

What type of structures do halogens form when reacting with non-metals?

Simple molecular covalent structures.

What is the reaction of hydrogen with fluorine?

Fluorine reacts with hydrogen at low temperatures to form hydrogen fluoride (HF).

What is the trend in reactivity when halogens react with hydrogen?

Reactivity decreases down the group.

What color is produced when iodine is formed in a displacement reaction?

Brown color.