Renaissance Packet

Packet

What does the term Renaissance actually mean?

Rebirth

Why is it an appropriate label for the era

Entered a golden age in which there was a significant shift in thought and focus. Arts, literature, and sciences flourished.

Where did the Renaissance begin?

Southern Europe, specifically in Italy before spreading upward.

Explain 3 origins of the renaissance

Revival of Scholasticism- Universities were founded

Decline of the Byzantine Empire- Many scholars fled to Europe bringing important books and manuscripts with them.

Increased contact with the middle east- Exposure to Arabian Math

How did the revival of trade impact Europe?

Foster the Rise of cities and hasten the decline of feudalism ushering a completely new Era.

Describe the first characteristic of the Renaissance?

Humanism- More secular approach to Life. Look at the secular works of the past for understanding of the world

How did this characteristic offer a change in perspective

Positively evaluate the abilities and intellect of Man

Describe the 2nd characteristic of the Renaissance.

The classics- Scholars rediscovered classical literature and philosophy` of the Greek and Roman Period.

How did this characteristic influence literature, art, and architecture

Artists and architectures strove to imitate the style and design of Ancient Greek and Roman buildings and sculptures

Describe the 3rd characteristic of the Renaissance

The Questioning spirit- Humanism gave the rise. The spirit that characterized the Renaissance. Anything and everything was questioned.

What sort of impact did this characteristic have

All was questioned- nothing was taken for granted or taken as fact. Even old beliefs and ideas were tested. Nothing escaped scrutiny, church, math, science, literature and church doctrine.

When and how did the Renaissance begin

1401. The year that Lorenzo Ghiberti won a competition to craft doors of the baptistry in France.

In what ways did the doors represent the new Renaissance Period

Incorporated humanist designs in religious themes. the gates of paradise.

Where did the Renaissance begin (specific)?

Italy, specifically in the region of Tuscany in the city of Florence.

4 reasons why the Renaissance began in this location

- Location- Italy is on a peninsula located centrally in the Mediterranean sea, dominated by trade.

-Revival of Trade- Merchandizing middle man. Growth of towns and feudalism to decline. Italian cities became Rich

-Artistic Patronage- Paying of Artists for their worl. Arts flourished. Artists moved to wealthy cities to display their art and wealth.

-Direct link to the empire of Ancient Rome- Roman remains were inspirations for artists, artitectct, scholars, and arthors. Inspirations from Greco-roman Schools.

Why was Florence a wealthy city?

Trade and Banking

florin

A currency named after the city and was used throughout Europe and Italy.

what did wealthy merchant families do with their money?

Patronize the arts and foremost among them was the Medici Family.

Why might wealthy families have been willing to pay for expensive public projects

Recognition and Legacy

why did Florence became center of Renaissance art, architecture, and culture

Medici family encouraged all wealthy families to patronize the arts and create public works

According to Castoligione, what included in a well education.

Speak several languages, play an instrument, write poetry, math, sciences, philosophy, rethorical and theology.

From whence is the name university derived from

Considered a "Universal education" ad centers of high learning are known as universities

How did the ideal man change between the old medieval and the new Renaissance period

Chivalrous medieval knight to the the well rounded educated man. The renaissance Man

What do people associate with the Italian Renaissance? Which names were synonyms with this movement.

Art producers, Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael

What Inspired Southern Renaissance Art

Sculptures and architectures of Ancient Greece and Rome

In what ways did Renaissance art differ from medieval art?

-Tend to idealize the human figure. What we want to look like and not what we actually represent

-The golden section. The same proportion used by ancient greek artsits and architects. Most pleasing visual appearance.

-Perspective Realistic depths Rules of Perspective

-More secular look

Who was Raphael? How long did he live?

Painter. Raffello Sanzio, 37 years

What was the typical subject matter of Raphael's paintings

Religious. Most famous for Madonas, Mary with Baby Jesus

Who patronized him

City of Vatican

In the school of Athens, what was pictured

Prominent Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

What was Raphael's purpose in painting this.

visual Connection between the ancient greek and the new Renaissance

When did the Renaissance flourish in Northern Europe as opposed to southern Europe?

late 1500's and mid 1600's

Which areas of Northern Europe Flourished during the Renaissance

England, France, Netherlands(Dutch), some Germanic states and poland

In what ways did northern and souther Europe differ

Climate, topography, but also in political and economic structure

How and why were germany and France different from England and the netherlands.

Germany and France retained feudalism longer and England and the netherlands were active members of the Hanseatic league

What was the Hanseatic League?

Loose group of trading cities in Northern Europe

Why were northern states considered to be more centralized than southern ones

North established centralized political states while Italy remained independently rouled by different wealthy families

How had a religious difference developed between north and south

North was more impacted by the reformation in 1517. North became protestant

What influence did this on mathematical and scientifical persuits

to work without fear of church condemnation or excommunication

How was the norhern style Renaissance different from the southern

not seek to imitate classical styles, but would emphasize man's ability to reason and learn.

In what way was 'humanism' important to both the northern and southern Renaissances

Began to question long held beliefs. re-examine mathematical and scientific percepts and question the actions of the catholic church

Who was a leading humanist in Northern Europe? What was his Book? What did his book suggest?

Desiderius Erasmus of the Netherlands. "In Praise of Folly" 1509. Satired(made fun of) the abuses and the corruptions of the church

Who was another leading humanist? What was his Book? What did his book suggest?

Thomas More of England. "Utopia". ideal political, social, and economical state. Satirized European society also described More's ideals

Vernacular

common language of the people

In what language were early scholary works written

Latin

Which nation experienced a golden age of Literature? Which authors were responsible?

England, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare.

Important technological innovation: Who when, where?

Johann Gutenberg in Germany in 1450.

What did Gutenberg create? What was his inspiration?

Printing press. Local Wine presses

Why was the moveable type printing press more practical in Europe instead of China?

Impractical because there were more than 100,000 characters

How did Gutenberg modify the type

Special metal alloy of lead, tin and antimony that was used to make metaltype. Also created templates of molds of letters. Pour alloy into molds over and over.

How did Gutenberg improve ink

Oil based ink that was more permanent than the previously used water base.

What was the overall impact of these innovations?

Cost and avaliability of printed material. Prior, books were very expensive and rare. Cheap books and more books in society. Increased the literacy rate and facilitated the spread of ideas

Why did science flourish in northern Europe

Freedom of restraints of the church

How is this whole movement differentiated from the northern Renaissance

The scientific revolution was happening within the Northern Renaissance

Identify the contributions of the following:

Copernicus

Kepler

newton

-Heliocentric theory, sun was the center of the universe

-Kepler Modified the Copernican theory planitary orbits were elliptical, not circular

-Built Universal Gravitation. 3 laws of motion. Mathematical proof using calculus

Indlugence

To release a sinner from punishment for sins which have already been forgiven

How did Pope leo X raise money for completion of the Vatican

Encouraged priests to sell indulgences

Why did people purchease these

for dead relatives in purgatory to get to heaven faster than prayers

What did tetzel mean by his favorite phrse

"As soon as a coin in the coffer(Change Purse) rings, a soul from purgatory springs

Simony

Fundraiser. Sale of church offices to the highest bidder

The church claimed offices weren't for sale. How did they explin this?

"Donations" from wealthy families

What was the result of this practice

Un-qualified and unspiritual people being placed in high ranking church positions

Nepotism

Long-standing practice of appointing ones relatives to high offices in the church

Give a specific example of Nepotism in the church

Pope Leo and his Cardinal Nephews.

What was a result of this practice

Un-qualified and unspiritual people being placed in high ranking church positions like bishops and cardinals

What happened to people who demanded reform in the church

Labeled heretics. Burned at the stake

Who were Wycliffe and Huss? What, specificallly did they want

Would-be reformers. Wycliff suggested the bible be translated into vernacular, and the priest hood be made up of those who avow poverty. Huss challenged Church doctrine, not just the practice.

What happened to each of them

Wycliff: persecuted because of his criticisms of church practice.

Huss: Burned at the take in 1415

Where did the term Protestant Reformation come from

The protest of the Catholic Church

What did early protesters want? What did they recieve

They wanted reform but they got excommunication and formed their own churches

Who was Martin Luther? Why was he upset with the church?

Catholic Monk living in Germany in the 1500's. the sale of indulgences by the German Preist Johann Tetzel.

How did Luther believe the Church was violating the importance of faith

If a person could perchase salvation, what was the purpose of faith. Also if a person could earn salvation through good works, what was the point of faith

What did Luther feel led by God to do, What did he do?

To point out the corruptions of the church. Posted his 95 Theses. On the door of Wittenberg Cathedral, Starting the Protestant reformation

What were the 95 Theses?

95 issues Luther had with the Church

What practice of the church was criticized? what doctrine of the church was criticized

The sale of Indulgences. The doctrine that good works had a part in salvation. Also they needed a priest to pray to God

Why did Luther advocate a translation of the Bible into Vernacular

Relationship with god could be done by direct prayer and reading of scriptures

What was the Diet of Worms

An assembly/hearing at Worms, Germany for Martin Luther to recant for heresy

What was Luther called to appear before the diet

To explain his views and retract his views

What was Luther asked to do?

Retract his views. He cannont and will not retract anything

Why were many German principalities willing to support luther and his ideas

Whished to rid themselves of the authority of the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor. No longer be subject to the power of the Papacy

Who invented the printing press and when and where?

Johann Gutenberg in Germany in the early 1400's

What was the literacy impact of the German printing press

Literacy rates rose and printed material became moer avaliable and affordable

How did the printing press impact the Reformation and allow Luther to Survive.

95 Theses was spread throughout Germany and Europe. The ideas spread quickly. many agreed with Luther's criticism. Luther had become too famous for the church to burn

Where was JohnCalvin Ferom

Switzerland

Explain Calvin's idea of predestination

God had chosen, predetermined, people to be saved

How did the protestant work ethic evolve out of Calvin's ideas

Calvin believed that good works shoed that you wre part of the chosen people and forced people to behave