Bio final

what is macroevolution

major changes

what is microevolution

Changes in allele

what is allopatric speciation

species evolve in geographic isolation, usually associated with a geographic barrier

what is sympatric speciation

species evolve without geographic isolation species remain together

what special circumstances are required to keep the gene pools separated in sympatric speciation?

1\.) segregation of habitat 2.) major alterations in mate recognition or behavior 3.) genetic incompatibility

What are the 5 type of prezygotic barriers

Temporal isolation, habitat isolation, behavioral isolation,mechanical isolation, gametic isolation

What are the 3 type of postzygotic barriers?

Hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown

What is ecology?

the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their enviorments

what is eutrophication?

A process by which nutrients become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to growth of organisms such as algae

What is Habitat Destruction?

single greatest treat to biodiversity throughout the biosphere

Overexploitation

is the 3rd major threat to biodiversity

community ecology

assemblages of species living close enough for potential interactions

Mutualism

both species benefit from an interaction +/+

Predation

interaction in which one species kills and eats another +/-

Distraction Displays

Direct the attention of the predator away from a vulnerable prey to another prey that is going to escape

Trophic Structure

divided species in a community based on their main sources of nutrition

Biological manification

process in which toxins become more concentrated in successive trophic levels of a food web

Ecosystem

biological community and the abiotic factors w which the community interacts

Energy flow

the passage of energy through the components of the ecosystem

Chemical cycling

the use and reuse of chemical elements within the ecosystem

Energy pyramids

When energy flow as organic matter through the trophic levels of an ecosystem

Population Density

the number of individuals of a species per unit of area or volume

Exponential growth model

Describes the rate of expansion of a population under ideal, unregulated conditions

Human population

has been growing almost exponentially for centuries

Human population growth

based on the same parameters that affect other populations

Georges Buffon

Naturalist that suggested the Earth might be older than 6000 years

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Suggested that organisms evolved by the process of adaptation

Evolution

Change over time

Natural selection

A process in which individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than the ones that do not have those traits

The fossil record

the ordered sequence of fossils as they appear in rock layers

Paleontologists

scientists that study fossils

Biogeography

the study of the geographic distribution of species

Comparative anatomy

the comparison of body structure between different species

Homologous structures

the similarity in structures due to common ancestry

Comparative embryology

the comparison of structure that appear during the development of different organisms

mutations

changes in the DNA of an organism

Sexual recombination

Shuffles alleles during meiosis

Disruptive selection

can lead to a balance between two or more contrasting morphs in a population

Stabilizing selection

maintains variation for a particular trait within a narrow range

Binomial

The two part format for naming a species

Genus

first part of a binomial

What are the 3 Domains?

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

Evolutionary Adaptations

Inherited characteristic that enhances an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

Paleontologists

Scientists who study fossils

Artificial Selection

selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in the offspring

populations

a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed

Gene pool

all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of a population at any one time

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Condition describing a nonevolving population

Genetic drift

Change in the gene pool of a population due to chance

Bottleneck effect

Genetic drift resulting from a drastic reduction in population size

Founder Effect

Genetic drift resulting in the establishment of a new, small population

Gene flow

Gain or loss of alleles in a population by the in or out movement of gametes

Sexual selection

A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain traits are more likely that others to obtain mates.

Directional Selection

Natural selection that acts in favor of the individuals at one end of a phenotype range

Speciation

An evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or moe

Reproductive barriers

A factor that prevents individuals of closely related species from interbreeding

Prezygotic barriers

Prevents mating between species within between different species

Polyploid

Organism that has more than two sets of chromosomes

Geological time scale

Time scale that divides Earth’s history in four

The four divisions of earth’s history

Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

Radiometric dating

Method in determining the ages of fossils and rocks

Exaptations

Structure that evolves in one context and gradually adapts to other functions

Systematics

Discipline of biology that focuses on classifying organisms and their evolutionary relationships

Phylogenetic trees

Branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships between organisms

Phylogeny

Evolutionary history of a group of related species

Convergent Evolution

Evolution of similar features in different evoultionary lineages

Analogy

Similarity between two species that is due to convergent evolution

Cladistics

Study of evolutionary history

Clade

Ancestral species and all it’s descendants

Biosphere

Global ecosystem

Acclimation

Physiological adjustment that occurs gradually in response to environmental change

Biome

A major terrestrial or aquatic life zone

Photic zone

Shallow water near the shore

Benthic realm

seafloor or bottom of freshwater

Pelagic realm

Open water region of an ocean

Intertidal zone

Shallow zone where the water meets land

Estuar

Area where freshwater merges with seawater

Sustainability

goal of developing, managing, and conserving Earth’s resources

Greenhouse gases

gases that absorb heat radiation

Greenhouse effect

warming of the atmosphere

Carbon footprint

amount of greenhouse gas emitted as a result of the action of a person, nation, or other entity

age structure

number of individuals of each age in a population

Survivorship curve

plot of the number of individuals that are still alive at each age in the maximum life span

Limiting factors

factors that restricts the number of individual that can occupy a habitat

Carrying capacity

max population size

Logistic population growth

model that describes population growth that decreases a population size

Density dependent factors

limiting factor whose effects intensify with increasing population density

Intraspecific competition

Competition between individual of the same species for the same limited resources

Biological control

intentional release of a natural enemy to attack a pest population

Biodiversity

variety of living things

Interspecific interactions

interaction between members of different spices

Ecological niche

sum of a species’ use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment

Herbivory

Consumption of plants (+/-)

Pathogens

Disease causing virus

Commensalism

One species benefits and the other is unbothered (+/0)

Primary Consumer

eats only producers

Secondary consumers

only eats primary consumers

Tertiary consumers

only eats secondary consumers

Quaternary consumers

eats tertiary consumers

Detritus

dead organic matter