Exam 2 Political Globalization study guide

Nakba

The mass displacement and exodus of Palestinians that occurred during and after the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948.

Anarchic System of States

A system in which there is no central authority or governing body that has control over all states.

Peace of Westphalia

A series of treaties signed in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War and established the principles of state sovereignty and non-interference in the internal affairs of other states.

Sovereignty

The supreme authority and power of a state to govern itself and make decisions without interference from external sources.

State

A political entity that has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and the ability to enter into relations with other states.

Nation

A group of people who share a common culture, language, history, and identity.

Nation-state

A state that is primarily composed of a single nation, where the political boundaries align with the cultural boundaries.

Nationalism

A strong sense of loyalty and devotion to one's nation, often accompanied by the belief in the superiority of one's own nation.

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes individual rights, limited government intervention, and free market principles.

Idealism

A philosophical and political belief that emphasizes the importance of ideas, values, and principles in shaping international relations.

Woodrow Wilson

The 28th President of the United States who advocated for the principle of national self-determination and played a key role in the establishment of the League of Nations.

Principle of national self-determination

The idea that each nation has the right to determine its own political status, form of government, and economic system.

League of Nations

An intergovernmental organization founded in 1920 with the goal of promoting international cooperation and maintaining peace and security.

Balance of Power

A concept in international relations that suggests that stability is achieved when power is distributed among multiple states rather than concentrated in the hands of a few.

Bipolarity

A distribution of power in which two major powers or alliances dominate the international system.

Cold War

A period of geopolitical tension and ideological rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, lasting from the end of World War II to the early 1990s.

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed in 1949 by several Western countries to counter the threat posed by the Soviet Union.

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite states in response to the establishment of NATO.

Cuban Missile Crisis

A 1962 confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the presence of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, which brought the two superpowers to the brink of war.

Bay of Pigs

A failed military invasion of Cuba by a CIA-sponsored paramilitary group in 1961, aimed at overthrowing the communist government of Fidel Castro.

Containment

A U.S. foreign policy strategy during the Cold War that aimed to prevent the spread of communism and Soviet influence.

Detente

A period of improved relations and reduced tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1970s.

Proxy Wars

Conflicts in which two opposing powers support different sides, often through the provision of military aid, without directly engaging in combat themselves.

Multipolarity

A distribution of power in which multiple major powers or alliances compete for influence in the international system.

Demise of the nation-state

The idea that the traditional nation-state is losing its significance and authority in the face of globalization and the rise of supranational entities.

Intergovernmental Organization (IGO)

An organization composed of sovereign states that come together to cooperate on specific issues of common interest.

Supranational entities

Organizations or institutions that have authority or power that transcends national boundaries, such as the European Union.

International law

A body of rules established by custom or treaty, and recognized by nations as binding in their relations with one another.

Complex interdependence

A concept put forth by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye in the 1970s to describe the emerging nature of the global political economy.

European Union

A supranational political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe.

United Nations

An intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security.

General Assembly

Made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

Security Council

Charged with ensuring international peace and security.

5 permanent members of Security Council

The United States, China, France, Russia, and the United Kingdom.

Secretariat

Responsible for providing administrative support to the committee.

ECOSOC- Economic and Social Council

Coordinates the economic and social work of the United Nations and the UN family of organizations.

UNESCO- UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

Specialized agency of the United Nations aimed at promoting world peace and security.

UNICEF- UN International Children’s Emergency Fund

Created to provide emergency food and healthcare to children and mothers in countries that had been devastated by World War II.

WHO- World Health Organization

A specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health

International Court of Justice (ICJ)

The principal judicial organ of the United Nations, responsible for settling legal disputes between states.

International Criminal Court (ICC)

A permanent international tribunal established to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.

Antonio Guterres

The current Secretary-General of the United Nations, serving since 2017.

NATO

Weapons of Mass Destruction

Weapons that have the potential to cause significant harm or destruction, including biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons.

Biological, Chemical, Nuclear Weapons

Deterrence

The use of the threat of retaliation or punishment to discourage an adversary from taking a particular action.

Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)

A concept in nuclear deterrence theory that suggests that the use of nuclear weapons by one side would result in the total destruction of both sides.

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 1968

An international treaty aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons, promoting disarmament, and facilitating the peaceful use of nuclear energy.

Manhattan Project

The U.S. research and development program during World War II that led to the creation of the first atomic bombs.

Hiroshima, Nagasaki

The two Japanese cities that were targeted by atomic bombs dropped by the United States in August 1945, leading to the end of World War II.

Fission, fusion

The processes by which nuclear reactions release energy, with fission involving the splitting of atomic nuclei and fusion involving the merging of atomic nuclei.

Nuclear Club

The group of countries that possess nuclear weapons, including the United States, Russia, Great Britain, France, and China.

IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)

An international organization established in 1957 to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons.

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (1996)

An international treaty that prohibits the testing of nuclear weapons in all environments.

Dirty Bomb

A conventional explosive device that disperses radioactive material, causing fear, contamination, and potential health hazards.

Israel, Pakistan, India

Countries that possess nuclear weapons but are not signatories to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

Iran, North Korea, Syria

Countries that are of concern for their nuclear proliferation activities.

Why do countries want to get a nuclear weapon?

Security, prestige, and domestic political dynamics.

How can countries be convinced to abandon nuclear weapon programs?

Diplomacy and negotiations, Arms Control Agreements, Security Guarantees, etc.

How is terrorism defined?

Generally refers to acts of violence or intimidation perpetrated by non-state actors against civilians or non-combatants for political, religious, or ideological purposes.

What are the goals of terrorists?

Often seek to instill fear, gain attention, provoke a response from governments, or advance a particular cause or ideology.

How do terrorists finance their operations?

Illicit activities such as drug trafficking, extortion, kidnapping for ransom, and receiving financial support from sympathizers or state sponsors.

What are some of the costs of terrorism?

Loss of life, physical and psychological harm to individuals, economic damage, disruption of social and political stability, and erosion of civil liberties.

What are some of the factors leading to terrorism?

Can include political grievances, social and economic inequality, religious or ideological extremism, state repression, and the availability of weapons and resources.

Jacobin Reign of Terror 1792-1794

A period during the French Revolution characterized by mass executions and political repression, carried out by the radical Jacobin government.

Asymmetrical power

A situation in which there is a significant power imbalance between two opposing forces or actors.

Osama bin Laden

The founder and leader of the terrorist organization Al-Qaeda, responsible for the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States.

Al-Qaeda, Taliban, Hezbollah

Islamist extremist organizations that have been involved in acts of terrorism and insurgency.

Domestic, Nationalist, Religious, Narco, and State terrorism

Different types or categories of terrorism based on the motivations and objectives of the perpetrators.

USA Patriot Act

A U.S. law enacted in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks, which expanded the government's surveillance and law enforcement powers in the name of counterterrorism.

Counterterrorism

Efforts and strategies aimed at preventing, combating, and responding to acts of terrorism.

White Supremacists

Ku Klux Klan, Aryan Nation, Posse Comitatus:Extremist groups that promote white supremacy and have been involved in acts of violence and terrorism.

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)

A Marxist-Leninist guerrilla group in Colombia that has been involved in armed conflict and terrorism.

USA Patriot Act

Modernized our ability to monitor criminal and terrorist communications by applying our wiretap laws to new technologies

Department of Homeland Security

A U.S. federal agency responsible for protecting the United States from various threats, including terrorism.

ISIS

The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, a terrorist organization that emerged in the early 2010s and gained control over significant territories in Iraq and Syria.

Balfour Declaration

Expressed the British government's support for the establishment of a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine.

Occupied Territories

When a territory is placed under the authority of the hostile army.

Yasser Arafat

Former President of the State of Palestine

Mohammad Abbas

Pakistani international cricketer who plays for Pakistan national cricket team and for Southern Punjab domestically.

West Bank

Landlocked territory near the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the Levant region of Western Asia that forms the main bulk of the Palestinian territories.

Gaza Strip

A Palestinian exclave on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, bordered by Egypt on the southwest for 11 kilometers and Israel on the east and north along a 51 km border.

Golan Heights

A region in the Levant spanning about 1,800 km².

1967 War

A brief but bloody conflict fought between Israel and the Arab states of Egypt, Syria and Jordan. “6 day war”

1973 War

An armed conflict fought from 6 to 25 October between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria.

Hezbollah

A Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and militant group, led since 1992 by its Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah

Hamas

A Sunni Islamist political and military organization governing the Gaza Strip of the Palestinian territories.

Camp David Accords

Established a framework for a historic peace treaty concluded between Israel and Egypt in March 1979.

Oslo Accords

Set of agreements between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) that established a peace process for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through a mutually negotiated two-state solution.

Road Map to Peace

A plan to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict proposed by the Quartet on the Middle East: the United States, the European Union, Russia and the United Nations.

Intifadas

The Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, beginning in 1987.

Cylinder of Cyrus

Records the conquest of Babylon in 539 B.C. by the Persian king Cyrus the Great

Code of Hammurabi

A Babylonian legal text composed during 1755–1750 BC.

Magna Carta

A royal charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215

Natural law

A theory in ethics and philosophy that says that human beings possess intrinsic values that govern their reasoning and behavior.

Natural Rights

Those that are not dependent on the laws, customs, or beliefs of any particular culture or government, and are therefore universal and inalienable

US Declaration of Independence

The founding document of the United States.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Single set of individual and collective rights for all men.

US Constitution

The fundamental law of the U.S. federal system of government and a landmark document of the Western world.

Civil Rights

Ensure one's entitlement to participate in the civil and political life of society and the state.