Adaptive Chapter 3

Identify all the general __similarities__ between Bacteria and Archaea.

lack membrane-bound organelles and nucleus

Which genus gets its name due to the cellular arrangement of spherical cells found in clusters, like a bunch of grapes?

staphylococcus

The bacterial shape known as a rod is also termed a _____.

bacilli

Which of the following terms describes a bacterial cell that is variable in shape and lacks a single characteristic form?

pleomorphic

Which of the following cellular components is found in plant cells but not bacterial cells?

nucleus

Which group shares a basic body plan with bacteria?

archaea

The _____ is defined as the plasma membrane and all surrounding layers external to it.

cell envelope

Which term describes the cellular arrangement of spherical cells linked in a chain?

Streptococcus

Plasma membranes are organized by having _____.

two lipid layers

Bacterial cells that are variable in shape and lack a single characteristic form are called _____ in shape.

pleomorphic

Which of the following attributes is found in bacterial cells but not in animal cells?

cell wall

Which of the following describes how the phospholipid tails interact with water?

hydrophobic

Which term describes the polar head of a phospholipid?

hydrophilic

In membranes, lipids associate _____.

hydrophobic tail to hydrophobic tail

Plasma membranes are made of proteins and _____.

phospholipids

Elements such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are considered _____.

macronutrients

Phospholipids in membranes associate with _____ toward the water side.

heads

Compounds such as essential amino acids are considered _____.

growth factors

Macroelements include which of the following?

carbon, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and hydrogen

Zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, and copper are examples of _____.

micronutrients

Compounds that must be acquired from the environment for cell survival are called _____.

growth factors

Which of the transport mechanisms relies only on concentration gradients to provide the "force" to move materials across the plasma membrane?

passive diffusion

Which three are growth factors?

vitamins, purines and pyrimidines, and some amino acids

Bacterial cells acquire nutrients that are _____.

dissolved

Which of the following transport mechanisms relies on concentration gradients of one substance to power the translocation of a different substance across a membrane?

secondary active transport

The movement of molecules across a membrane that does not require cellular energy is called _____.

passive diffusion

Substances like oxygen, carbon dioxide and water move across a bacterial cell membrane by _____.

passive diffusion

The movement of molecules across a membrane with the aid of a transporting protein that does not require cellular energy is called _____.

facilitated diffusion

Proteins characterized as channels and carriers are _____.

transport proteins

Which of the following statements regarding carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion is __**false?**__

the carrier protein moves solute molecules against a concentration gradient

How many configurations does a carrier protein that transports solute molecules by facilitated diffusion have and why?

two; it needs to bind solute outside the cell and then release it in the cytoplasm

ATP-binding cassette transporters are also known as _____ transporters.

ABC

Which two of the following are features of ABC transporters?

span the plasma membrane

contain a cytoplasmic domain that binds ATP

Transport of molecules across the membrane using ion gradients is termed _____.

secondary active transport

Most primary active transport systems are _____.

uniporters

Which of the following describes the chemical modification of a molecule as it is transported into a bacterial cell?

group translocation

The location of the cell wall is _____.

just outside the plasma membrane

Which cell types would normally have two membranes?

Gram-negative

Which two are the sugar monomers found in peptidoglycan?

N-acetylmuramic acid

N-acetyleglucosamine

The cell wall peptidoglycan layer of Gram-negative bacteria is considerably _____ than that of Gram-positive bacteria.

thinner

Which two of the following types of proteins are found in the periplasmic space of Gram-negative bacteria?

enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan

transport proteins

Gram-_____ bacteria have a plasma membrane and an outer membrane.

negative

The two sugars found in peptidoglycan are abbreviated as _____.

NAG, NAM

In Gram-negative bacteria, enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan are found in _____.

the periplasmic space

Which polymer is composed of lipids and sugars?

LPS

Which compound is well known to protect Gram-negative bacteria from environmental toxic substances?

LPS

Which component of LPS generates an antibody response in Gram-negative bacterial infections?

O antigen

LPS is composed of _____.

carbohydrates

lipids

Which four of the following are functions of lipopolysaccharide?

protects from environmental toxins (and immunological factors)

stabilizes the outer membrane

contributes to the negative charge of the cell

makes a permeability barrier

Which component of LPS can act as a toxin in a Gram-negative bacterial infection?

Lipid A

In Gram-negative bacteria, transport across the outer membrane is made possible by the presence of _____.

porin proteins

The term that describes a cell bursting open in _____.

lysis

Which characteristic makes mycoplasmas pleiomorphic?

they lack a cell wall

What is the role of porin proteins?

to facilitate the transport of compounds like glucose across the outer membrane

Small membrane-bound particles that form when a portion of a cell envelope buds out and pinches off are termed _____ vesicles.

extracellular

Match the following bacterial cell layers according to their relationship.

capsule - well attached

slime layer - easily detaches

S-layer - aids in cellular shape

Mycoplasmas are different from other bacteria in that they _____.

lack a cell wall

Capsules are typically composed of _____.

sugars

Match the following extracellular layers of a bacterial cell according to their relationships.

capsule - organized sugar layer

slime layer - disorganized sugar layer

S-layer - organized protein layer

Capsules are typically _____.

well organized

Which of the following describes the protoplast?

The plasma membrane and all structures within it

Which three of the following are functions of the bacterial cytoskeleton?

participate in cell division

localize specific proteins within the cell

determine cell shape

The S-layer that is found on certain bacterial cells is composed of _____.

protein or glycoprotein

Which term includes the plasma membrane and everything inside it?

protoplast

Bacterial internal membrane structures are often connected to the _____.

plasma membrane

Bacterial cytoskeleton proteins share ancestry with which two eukaryotic proteins?

tubulin

actin

Bacterial inclusions are _____.

aggregates of materials within the cell

The bacterial cytoplasmic structures that function to enclose compounds to prevent their diffusion through the cytoplasm are termed _____.

inclusions

Certain enzymatic reactions are constrained in micro compartments because _____.

the reaction produces a toxic intermediate

a reactant is a gas that could easily pass through a membrane

Bacterial internal membranous structures may appear as _____.

flattened vesicles

spherical vesicles

tubular membranes

Organized protein complexes within a cell that are separated from the cytoplasm by the biophysical properties of the molecules are termed _____.

biomolecular condensates

Aggregates of materials, either organic or inorganic, within bacterial cells (not membrane-bound) are called _____.

inclusions

Which two of the following are functions of bacterial inclusions?

locations to sequester enzymatic reactions

storage sites

A chemical reaction in a cell that generates a toxic intermediate could be segregated in a region of the cell termed a _____.

microcompartment

Biomolecular condensates assemble within the cytoplasm of bacterial cells by a mechanism termed _____.

liquid-liquid phase separation

Which of the following bacterial structures is the site of protein synthesis?

ribosome

Certain enzymatic reactions are constrained in microcompartments because _____.

the reaction produces a toxic intermediate

a reactant is a gas that could easily pass through a membrane

The irregularly shaped region of a bacterial cell that contains the chromosome and numerous proteins is called the _____.

nucleoid

Small, double-stranded, circular pieces of DNA found in addition to the bacterial chromosome are called _____.

plasmids

The approximate dimensions of fimbriae are _____.

3 to 10 nm in diameter and up to several micrometers long

Relative to the cell, the bacterial _____ is a long tubular structure that can spin, thereby resulting in cell motility.

flagella

The bacterial nucleoid is composed of _____.

protein and DNA

Which two of the following best describes typical plasmids?

composed of DNA

double-stranded

True or false: Gliding motility requires the use of external flagella.

False

The hundreds of thin, short hair-like projections extending from the bacterial cell are called _____.

pili

Which of the following is the typical motility structure of bacteria?

flagella

A swimming bacterium reorients during a _____.

tumble

In most bacteria, the proton motive force powers _____.

flagella movement

Which three of the following methods of movement found in bacteria are mediated by flagella?

swimming

swarming

corkscrew movement

Which of the following statements about gliding motility is true?

gliding motility does not require a cellular appendage

Movement of a bacterial cell toward an attractant or away from a repellent is termed _____.

chemotaxis

Some bacteria can make a dormant structure, called a(n) _____ which is resistant to many environmental conditions.

endospore

The process of endospore formation is called _____.

sporogenesis

Which type of mobility is smooth and requires no cellular appendage?

gliding motility

Endospores are defined as _____.

dormant cells formed within a living cell

Complexing with calcium dipicolinate and small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs) are mechanisms that protect the _____ of an endospore from harsh environmental conditions.

chromosome

Bacterial sporulation can be defined as _____.

the generation of an endospore

Place the events that occur in the transition from endospore to a vegetative cell in order.  Put the first event at the top.

activation

germination

outgrowth

Which two of the following are mechanisms to protect the DNA in an endospore?

inserting complexes of calcium-dipicolinic acid between the bases

covering the DNA with small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs)

True or false: During endospore germination, the endospore cell wall must be degraded by enzymes already present in the core.

True