Unit 5 & 6 Myers psych terms

Consciousness

Awareness of ourselves and our environment

Hypnosis

Social interaction where one person responds to another person's suggestions that certain things will spontaneously occur

Posthypnotic suggestion

Suggestion made during hypnosis that is supposed to be carried out after the session

Social phenomenon

Hypnosis patients act the way they think they should act when hypnotized

Social influence

And a sort of person can make people hypnotize or not do things they usually wouldn't

Divided consciousness

Being able to do more than one thing at a time

Stroop effect

Being able to say the color of letters and having trouble when the word and color don't match up

Dissociation

Split in the consciousness, let's thoughts and behaviors happen simultaneously with others

Sleep

Periodic loss of consciousness

Circadian rhythm

Biological clock; regular body rhythms that happen on a 24-hour cycle

Awake

Alpha waves- relatively slow brain waves of relaxed awake state; beta waves

REM sleep

Rapid eye movement. Recurring sleep stage where vivid dreams happen

Paradoxical sleep

Sleep where muscles are relaxed besides small twitches but other body systems are still active

NREM Sleep

Non rapid eye movement sleep, encompasses all stages except REM sleep

NREM 1

The transition from being awake to finally falling asleep

Hallucinations

False sense experiences

Delta waves

Large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

NREM 2

20 minutes long; when you relax more deep in your sleep. Characterized by spindles

Sleep Spindles

Burst of brainwave activity

NREM 3 (Delta waves)

Deep sleep, last about 30 minutes. Brain emits large and slow Delta waves, it becomes very hard to wake you up at this point

Sleep paralysis

Caused by your brain's motor cortex being active but not being able to send messages, may wake up with leftover paralysis

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that control circadian rhythm. Causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production when it sees light, which modifies sleep feeling sleepy

Melatonin

Sleep inducing hormone

Insomnia

Recurring problems with staying / falling asleep

Narcolepsy

Sleep characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. May lapse directly into REM sleep. Attacks usually last less than 5

Sleep apnea

Sleep disorder characterized by stopping breathing during sleep and repeated momentary waking up

Night terrors

Sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and seeming terrified; unlike nightmares, these happen during NREM-3 within two to three hours of falling asleep (seldom remembered)

Sleepwalking

Usually childhood disorders. Runs in the family, usually harmless most won't remember an episode

Dreams

Sequence of emotions, images, and thoughts going through a sleeper's brain. Have hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities plus delusional acceptance

Manifest content

The remembered storyline of a dream

Latent content

The underlying meaning of a dream

REM rebound

Tendency for REM sleep to increase after REM deprivation

Substance use disorder

Craving a substance despite significant life disruptions/physical risk

Psychoactive drugs

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

Tolerance

Less effect with regular use of a drug (same dose) which makes the user take more to get the effect

Neuroadaptation

When a user's brain chemistry adapts to offset the drug effect

Addiction

Compulsive craving of drugs/certain behaviors despite known bad consequences.

Withdrawal

Discomfort/distress after stopping an addictive drug/behavior

Physical Dependence

Using drugs to avoid physical discomfort and pain.

Psychological Dependence

Using drugs to avoid certain emotions

Depressants

Drugsthat slow neural activity and slow body functions
Alcohol, barbiturates, Opiates

Alcohol

Slows brain activity that controls judgement and inhibitions.

Disinhibtor

Dangerous, makes you feel as though you're invincible

Alcoholic use disorder

Alcohol Use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use. (Alcoholism)

Barbiturate

Drugs that depress CNS, reduce anxiety but also impair memory and judgment. (Tranquilizers, barbituates)

Opiates

Depress neural activity temporarily, lessens pain & anxiety
Body eventually stops producing endorphins w/o it.

Heroin

Pupils constrict, breathing slows,, pleasure replaces pain and anxiety. Makes the body stop producing endorphins (body's natural pain killers)

Narcotics

Codine, morphine

Stimulants

Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
Pupils dilate, heart and breathing rates increase and blood sugar rises (+ energy & self confidence)

Amphetamines

Stimulant that stimulates neural functions, causes sped up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.

Nicotine

Stimulates a highly addictive drug in tobacco.

Cocaine

Powerful & addictive stimulant, produces temporary awareness and euphoria.
Depletes the brain of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.

Methamphetamine

Powerful/addictive drug that stimulates the CNS, speeds up body function and associated energy and mood changes (dopamine for 8 hours). Overtime , baseline dopamine levels lower.

Ecstasy

Synthetic Stimulant and mild hallucinogen, makes euphoria and social intimacy. Short term health risks and long term harm to serotonin producing neurons (decreases output = depressed mood), mood, and Cognition.

Hallucinogens

Psychedelic (mind manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and make sensory images in the absence of sensory input. Can cause panic and happiness.
LSD, ecstaty, Marijuana

LSD/Acid

Powerful hallucinogenic.

Near Death Experience

An altered state of consciousness after nearly dying. Similar to drug induced hallucinations.

Marijuana

Mild hallucinogen, amplifies sensitivity to color, sounds, tastes, and smells but also relaxes, disinhibits, and produces a euphoric high. Impairs motor coordination and perceptual skills (reaction time). Can linger for a week or more. Less tolerance. Legalized in small amounts.

Synthetic Marijuana

harmful side effects, agitation, hallucinations (banned).

Medical Marijuana

Can help AIDS, glaucoma, and cancer

THC

Major active ingredient in Marijuana, triggers a few effects including mild hallucinations.

Learning

Process of getting new and enduring information/behaviors.

Habituates

An organisms decreased response to a repeated Stimulus

Associative Learning

Learning that certain events happen together. Can be 2 stimuli (classical conditioning) or a reponse and its consequence (operant conditioning)

Conditioning

Learning associations

Classical conditioning

Learning to associate 2 stimuli and anticipating events

Operant conditioning

Associating a response with its consequence

Cognitive Learning

Getting mental info, either from observing events, watching others, or through language

Observational learning

Let's us learn from other's experiences

Behaviorism

Psychology should be an objective science, and should study behavior without mental processes

Pavlov expiriment

Dog salivating at food to a dog salivating at a tone

Neutral Stimulus

CC - a stimulus that makes a response before conditioning

Unconditioned Response

CC - An unlearned, naturally occurring response

Unconditioned Stimulus

CC - A stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically- makes a response

Conditioned response

CC - learned response from a previously neutral, but now conditioned, stimulus

Conditioned stimulus

An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after connecting it with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a response

Acquisition

CS initial stage, when connecting a neural stimulus and an US, that starts has a nerual simtulus trigger a CR

High-order Conditioning

Procedure where 1 CS in 1 CE is paired with another neural stimulus that makes a usually weaker CS

Extinction

Less CS when a US doesn't follow a CS (after a response is no longer reinforced)

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CS

Generalization

Tendency after a CR for similar simtuli to the CS to make a similar response

Discrimination

Learned ability to distinguish between a CS and a US

Operant conditioning

Learning type, where behavior is strengthened by a reinforcer.
Behavior diminished if followed by a punishment

Skinner's expirimentz

Figure for behaviorism, made a device that explained behavior control.

Law of Effect

Thorndike's law that behaviors after good consequences become more likely while behaviors follwed by bad outcomes are less likely

Operant Chamber

OC, Chamber with a bar/key that an animal can use to get a water/food reinforcer. Attached to something that records the presses.

Skinner Box

Biz with a lever that an animal can press to get food/water, records how many times the lever was pushed.

Reinforcement

An event that strengthens the behavior it comes after.

Shaping

When reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer to desired behavior

Discriminative Stimulus

OC. Stimulus that makes a response after being associated with reinforcer

Positive reinforcement

Any stimulus that when presented with a reponse, strengthens the response.

Negative reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping/reducing negativestimuli. Any stimulus that when removed, strengthens the response

Primary reinforcers

Innately reinforcing stimuli (water, food, fact)

Conditioned reinforcers

Stimulus that gets its reinforcing power through association with a primary reinforcer (2nd reinforcer)

Reinforcement Schedules

Pattern that defines how often a wanted response will be reinforced

Continous Reinforcement

Reinforcing the wanted response everytime it happens

Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement

Reinforcing a response sometimes, leads to slower acquisition of the response but less extinction than continuous reinforcement

Fixed-ratio Schedules

O.C, Reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a certain # of responses

Variable-ratio Schedule

O.C, Reinforcement schedule that reinforces a reponse after an unpredictable # of responsea

Fixed-interval Schedule

O.C, Reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a certain amount of time has passed.