bio

formula for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -\> 6CO2 + 6H20 + ENERGY (ATP)

Where does cellular respiration occur?

mitochondria

What happens to amount of carbon dioxide produced after/during excercise?

Increase, compared to relaxed amount because during exercise, muscles work harder and require more oxygen (which in return produces CO2 as a product during respiration)

How does exercise affect the body's respiratory rate?

Respiratory rate increases a result of increasing amount of oxygen coming into the body in order to maintain proper oxygen levels as muscles use more oxygen during exercise

How does exercise affect the body's heart rate?

Increase heart rate, heart beats faster to get out more blood to the body because exercise exerts the muscles and they needs the oxygen + nutrients carried by blood

Describe BTB (what does it do, what color does it start/end at)

BTB (acid indicator) changes color from blue to yellow when carbon dioxide is present/reacts with the BTB

(Carbon dioxide makes things acidic so this is how the BTB is an acid indicator!)

Functions of the circulatory system (2)

Transport, distribute heat

Describe what the circulatory system transports

Gases (gas exchange between CO2 and O2)

Hormones

Nutrients

Waste

What do endocrine glands do?

secrete hormones into the blood which are transported in the circulatory system

Where are nutrients absorbed during the circulatory system?

Intestines

Where is waste eliminated?

Kidneys

Describe the heart

big muscle that pumps blood to lungs and rest of the body

How many chambers does the heart have? Name them.

Four; right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

What are the two sides of the heart separated by?

Septum

Which side of the heart is "colored" red? Why?

Left side because it received oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to be pumped out to the rest of the body

Which side of the heart is "colored" blue? Why?

Right side because the blood is dehydrated, meaning it is low in oxygen

How many valves does the heart have?

4 valves

What are the names of the valves of the heart?

tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar

What are the heart's valves made of?

Leaflets, open to allow blood to travel through/close to make sure blood does not travel backwards

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

between right atrium and right ventricle

Where is the pulmonary valve located?

between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Where is the mitral valve located?

between left atrium and left ventricle

Where is the aortic valve located?

between left ventricle and aorta

How does blood travel through the circulatory system? (Path)

Body -\> Superior/Inferior Vena Cava -\> Right Atrium -\> Tricuspid Valve/Right Atrioventrical Valve -\> Right Ventricle -\> Pulmonary Arteries -\> Lungs (Oxygenated) -\> Pulmonary Veins -\> Left Atrium -\> Mitral/Bicupsid Valve -\> Left Ventricle -\> Aortic Valve -\> Aorta -\> Body

Why is blood needed?

Carries oxygen and other nutrients needed throughout the body

What organ pushes blood through the body?

Heart

What causes the heart beat sound? (Lub-dub)

closing of valves

Where do arteries carry blood?

away from the heart to elsewhere in the body, rich with oxygen

What are capillaries?

Smallest blood vessels which carry blood to body cells

Where do veins carry blood?

back to the heart, deoxygenated

How is the blood in the pulmonary arteries different from blood in other arteries?

Blood in the pulmonary arteries have very little oxygen, it is deoxygenated. However, usually arteries, which carry blood away from the heart, are oxygen rich.

How are pulmonary veins different from blood in other veins?

Pulmonary veins are the only veins which carry oxygen-rich blood.

Four parts of the blood

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

What are red blood cells?

Small, round cells which carry oxygen

What are white blood cells?

White blood cells are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders

What are platelets?

Tiny fragments that help stop bleeding when you have been cut

What is plasma?

liquid portion of blood

Where does sugar enter the blood?

intestines

Where does urea enter the blood? Where is it removed?

Enters: Liver

Removed: Kidneys

Systole

valve function during contraction

Dystole

valve function during relaxation

Function of heart valve

keeps blood flowing in one direction

Difference between semi lunar and atrioventricular valve

Semi lunar - Ventricles to main arteries

Atrioventricular - Arteries to ventricles

What are chordae tendinae?

Filaments connecting the tips of the AV valves to the papillary muscles in the ventricles - prevents backflow of blood into the atrias (heart strings)

Describe capillary structure

One-cell thick (Allows for easy diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes)

Why don't arteries have valves?

the pressure from the heart is so strong the blood can only flow in one direction

Why do veins need valves?

blood pressure is LOWEST in veins so the valves help it oppose force of gravity

Primary function of capillaries

They transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in your organs and body systems

Similarities of Veins and Arteries

Carry blood, same amount of layers, cannot undergo diffusion because of layers

Differences between veins and arteries

Veins - send deoxgenized blood to the heart, low blood flow pressure, thinner, have valves

Arteries - send oxygen rich blood from heart to body (going away from heart), high/strong blood pressure, thicker, no valves

Primary function of circulatory system

Moves oxygen and nutrients through the body using blood, removes CO2 from blood

What is interstitial fluid?

Fluid BETWEEN the cells or in the tissues ("bathes" the cells)

Is blood actually blue when deoxygenated?

No

Diastole means .... Systole means ...

Filling ; Pumping (respectively)

Which parts of the heart are more muscular? Which side in that part is most muscular? Why?

The ventricles are muscular. The left ventricle is more muscular because it has to pump blood all around the body.

What arteries deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart itself?

Coronary Arteries

REMINDER (not a question)

STUDY THE PARTS OF THE HEART!! Use this website link (Werdel provided on slides) https://www.geoguessr.com/seterra/en-an/vgp/3805

Blood Pressure

A measurement of the pressure that blood exerts on the artery walls

Systolic (pressure)

pressure exerted when the ventricles contract

Diastolic (pressure)

pressure exerted when the ventricles relax

Why is it important to have normal blood pressure?

maintains appropriate flow to tissues without stressing the heart

What happens to blood pressure at supine position

Decrease in blood pressure

What happens to blood pressure after/during exercise?

Increase in blood pressure

Hypotension

low blood pressure

Hypertension

high blood pressure

How is blood pressure measured?

systolic/diastolic

Normal blood pressure

120/80

Causes of hypotension

heart failure, dehydration, depression, severe burns, hemorrhage, shock

Causes of hypertension

stress, anxiety, obesity, high salt intake, aging

What can heart defects affect? (Which structures)

chambers, valves, blood vessels, or even just general structure of heart

What is Blue Baby syndrome? (from movie)

When babies are born, if their pulmonary artery is too small, meaning not enough blood can go to the lungs to get oxygenated, then the babies blood is low in oxygen and nutrients, causing the blood appearance

Fix for blue baby syndrome (movie)

Installing a "secondary" tube from the pulmonary artery in order to allow more blood which is low in oxygen to get to the lungs for nutrients and oxygen

aortic valve stenosis

Aortic valve does not open/close completely, allowing blood to leak backwards

coarctation of the aorta (CoA)

narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta which will reduce bloodflow

atrial septal defect (ASD)

a hole in the septum between the right and left atria, causing the two bloods to mix (this isn't good!)

Tetralogy of Fallot

four heart problems - hole btwn left and right ventricles, aorta lies over the hole, right ventricle thickens, blood flow from heart to lungs blocked

Why is oxygen levels measures in children who may have heart problems?

To see if oxygen is able to get to the body through the blood. If oxygen levels are high, this means that the heart is able to transport oxygen and nutrients through blood, across the rest of the body

Main function of respiratory system

exchange gases between external air and the body

Which side of the lung is smaller, why?

Left lung is smaller because the heart is located there

Primary organ in respiratory system

lungs

Lungs take up a large portion of the

thoracic cavity

Why does exercise produce more CO2?

Exercise increases the body's need for energy from cellular respiration, which in turn produces CO2 as a bi-product

Organs of the respiratory system

nose, mouth, larynx, pharynx, lungs, diaphragm

In terms of the respiratory system, breathing through the mouth is the . . .

Oral Cavity

In terms of the respiratory system, breathing through the nose is the . . .

Nasal cavity

Purpose of nose and nasal cavity

filter, warm, moisten the air you breathe in. the nose hairs and mucus produced by cells in the nose catch particles in the air before they can enter the lungs

Purpose of the pharynx

passageway for food and air. for air, it goes to the pharynx after the nasal cavity

Purpose of larynx

called the "voice box" , located under the pharynx, as air passes through the thin tissues in the larynx sound is produced

Purpose of trachea

long tube known as the windpipe and it divides into the left & right bronchi which branches into smaller bronchioles inside each lung.

Epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering the lungs

Alveoli

little sacs at the end of the bronchioles where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide. this means oxygen enters the blood, co2 leaves, this is done through simple diffusion

Diaphragm

sheet of muscle which spreads across bottom of the rib cage.