A&P CSD exam 2 (ch 3 AND 4)

pneumonia

infection in the lungs caused by germs (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)

pneumothorax

puncture in the lungs, exposed to atmospheric air- presence of air or gas in the cavity between lungs and chest wall- causes collapse of the lung

atelectasis

collapse of part or all of a lung

speaking valve

allows breathing in, not out- deflate the cuff before applying- leaves room for air to pass through the vocal folds to speak

unpaired laryngeal cartilages

thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis

paired laryngeal cartilages

arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

phonation

sound production at the larynx

glottis

space between two vocal folds- most important laryngeal space of speech

layers of vocal folds

1. squamous epithelium

2. superficial lamina propria

3. intermediate lamina propria

4. deep lamina propria

5. thyroarytenoid muscle

thyroarytenoid muscle

bulk of the vocal folds- last layer

bottom to top

vocal folds open and close from-

biological functions of larynx

1. airway protection- when eating or drinking 2.lifting heavy weights

2. child-birth/defecation- pushing- vocal folds close

3. swimming- control breathing

structure of larynx

• located at top of last ring of trachea

• adjacent to cervical vertebrae 4 through 6

average length of larynx

adult males: 44 mm
adult females: 36 mm

hyoid bone

• union between the tongue and laryngeal structures

• loosely articulates with the superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage

laryngectomy

surgical removal of the larynx
voicing source for speech is lost

TEP speech

best solution
- from trachea- channel to esophagus- air is redirected to esophagus

vestibular folds

false vocal folds

attachment (between hyoid or trachea and cartilage of larynx)

• thyrohyoid membrane

• lateral thyrohyoid ligament

• median throhyoid ligament

extrinsic

away from/outside of main structure

intrinsic

within or situated deeper in a structure

aditus

entry to the larynx from the pharynx above

vestibule

space between the aditus and the ventricular (or vestibular) folds

rima vestibuli

space between the ventricular folds

laryngeal ventricle

space between true and false vocal folds

cricothyroid joint

synovial joint that allows the cricoid and thyroid to rotate and glide relative to each other
- adjustment for changes in pitch

cricoarytenoid joint

synovial joint that allows rocking, gliding, and perhaps minimal rotation
rocking action allows vocal folds to approximate (make contact)

vagus nerve

cn 10
responsible for muscles in larynx
2- one on left and one on right
aorta- left
subclavian- right

vagus branches

pharyngeal, superior laryngeal, recurrent laryngeal

abduct

opening of the vocal folds

adduct

closing of the vocal folds

adductor muscles

lateral cricoarytenoid
transverse arytenoid- left to right
oblique arytenoid- cross

abductor muscle

posterior cricoarytenoid

glottal tensors

cricothyroid muscles
pars recta
pars oblique
thyrovocalis muscles

cricoid cartilage

complete ring atop the trachea
side view looks like a signet ring, higher in back
articulates w/ thyroid via cricothyroid joint

thyroid cartilage

-largest laryngeal cartilage
-articulates with cricoid cartilage via paired processes that allow it to rock forward and backward

epiglottis cartilage

leaflike cartilage
protective structure during swallowing

cuneiform cartilage

elastic cartilage
inside of aryepiglottic fold

corniculate cartilage

a pair of horn-like pieces of elastic cartilage
above each arytenoid cartilage

arytenoid cartilage

anchors vocal cords

valleculae

space between tongue and epiglottis

intrinsic ligaments (laryngeal)

fibroelastic membrane of larynx
lower conus elasticus
vocal ligament

pyriform sinus

space between the aryepiglottic fold and thyroid cartilage- transit point for food and liquid

conus elasticus

• connects the cricoid cartilage with the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages

• it is composed of dense fibroconnective tissue with abundant elastic fibers.

aryepiglottic folds

lateral walls

muscle major functions

open, close, tense, and relax vocal folds

relaxer muscles

thyromuscularis

thyroepiglottic muscle

dilates the laryngeal opening

aryepiglottic muscle

deflects epiglottis over airway opening to help protect the airway during swallowing

related to tongue

ending in glossus

cricopharyngus

opening of the esophagus

hyoid/laryngeal elevators

-digastricus anterior and posterior
-stylohyoid
-mylohyoid
-geniohyoid
-genioglossus
-hyoglossus
-thyropharyngeus
-inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles

hyoid/laryngeal depressors

sternohyoid
omohyoid
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid

drink water

solution for systemic dehydration

steam inhaltion (humidifier)

solution for surface dehydration

vocal fold sensitivity

sensitive to external environment- cigarette smoke and other pollutants
sensitive to internal environment- dry tissue harmful to vocal folds

vocal nodules

localized growths resulting from frequent, hard vocal fold collisions
hourglass pattern
#1 singer and #2 teacher

elasticity

property of material that causes it to return to its original shape after displacement

stiffness

strength of force within a material to return to its original shape after distention

inertia

a body in motion tends to stay in motion

periodic waveform

repeats itself in a predictable fashion
ex: ceiling fan

cycle

one point in a vibratory pattern to the same point again

period

time to complete one cycle of vibration

frequency

how often something occurs; cycles per second
avg. female- 215-220 hz
male- 110-115 hz

f=

1/T
frequency and period are inverse of each other

hertz

cycle per second (perceived as pitch)

pitch

psychological correlate of frequency

loudness

psychological correlate of intensity

sound level meter

measures intensity of sound pressure coming from a source

fundamental frequency

frequency of vibration of vocal folds

vocal jitter

cycle by cycle differences in frequency
Jeff

vocal shimmer

cycle by cycle differences in intensity

pneumotachograph

measurement
airflow in a face mask

fiberendoscopy

measurement
view the vocal folds from above via the nasal cavity- also measures swallowing

subglottal pressure

measurement
via hypodermic needle through the cricothyroid or estimated by intra-oral pressure when the vocal folds are open

electroglottograph

measurement
electrodes on the neck- measures impedence which corresponds with vocal fold contact

phonogram

interaction between intensity and frequency

bernoulli effect

• a decrease in air pressure perpendicular to the flow

• an increase in velocity of the flow (blowing between two cans- will go together) (low pressure- bring vocal folds together)

attack

beginning of phonation

simultaneous vocal attack

adduction and onset of respiration at the same time
(ahh)

breathy vocal attack

start significant airflow before adducting the vocal folds
vocal folds after
(/h/)

glottal attack

adduction of the vocal folds prior to the airflow
(if hard may damage the vocal mechanism)

arytenoid cartilages move-

rotating, rocking, gliding
(adduction)

sustained phonation

/s/ and /z/ average of 30 second duration
(maintenance of pressure, flow, vocal fold approximation)

s/z ratio

should be close to 1

Cranial nerve 1

Olfactory- smell

Cranial Nerve 2

Optic- Vision

Cranial Nerve 3

Occulomotor-pupil construction, eye movement

Cranial Nerve 4

Trochlear- pupil construction, eye movement

Cranial nerve 5

Trigeminal- Jaw movement, face, mouth, jaw sensation

Cranial Nerve 6

Abducens- eye movement

Cranial Nerve 7

Facial- facial movement, hyoid elevation, salivation, taste

Cranial Nerve 8

Auditory- hearing/balance

Cranial Nerve 9

Glossopharyngeal- pharyngeal movement, taste, pharynx and tongue sensation

Cranial nerve 10

Vagus- Pharyngeal, palatal, and laryngeal movement. Pharyngeal sensation, control of visceral organs

Cranial nerve 11

Accessory- shoulder/neck movement

Cranial nerve 12

Hypoglossal- tongue movement

Which artery does the vagus nerve loop around and come back?

Aorta

Atmospheric pressure

760 mmHG

Pressure inside lungs before inhalation

757 mmHG