APUSH: VOCAB UNIT 3: 11th

Albany Plan of Union

plan proposed by Ben Franklin that had an INTERCOLONIAL government and system for TAXES that would be used to DEFEND COLONIES; plan was rejected bc of tax, but laid foundation for future revolutionary congress

French and Indian War

war between British vs. French (allied with Indians); part of 7 YEARS WAR; Started over TERRITORIAL disputes (British were encroaching on French land in Ohio River Valley); resulted in PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763 and TAXES on COLONIES

George Washington

FRENCH INDIAN WAR Virginian Lieutenant Colonel sent to warn French of encroaching on British land in Ohio River Valley -\> didn’t work; CONTINENTAL ARMY won war by losing battles and tiring British; given army and 2nd continental congress

Pontiac

Ottawa War chief that rallied a group of tribes in the Ohio Valley and attacked colonial outposts and caused Pontiac’s Rebellion

Pontiac’s Rebellion (aka Pontiac’s Uprising) 1763

Ottawa tribe chief is not happy bc British take over French trade outposts and jack up prices on the native Americans; Ottawa tribe chief attacked colonial outposts to cause this event

Paxton Boys

group of Scots-Irish frontiersmen in Pennsylvania that murdered several in the SUSQUEHANNOCK tribe

Proclamation of 1763

colonists CAN’T SETTLE WEST of APPALACHIANS; Why? the French Indian was pushed colonists westward, there was conflict with natives; result of 7 years war

George III and George Grenville

king and prime minister that felt the colonists should help pay the debt from Seven Years’ War’ reasoned bc colonies benefited from war

Grenville’s Plan

stricter enforcement of current laws, extend wartime provisions into peacetime, Quartering Act

Sugar Act of 1764

EXTERNAL act (on imports) that reinforced taxes on molasses and imposed taxes on coffee and wine

Navigation Act

laws that governed trade between England and its colonies; Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England -\> ANGER

Currency Act

prohibited colonies from printing more paper money; especially bad bc of new taxes

Declaratory Act

said that British had rights to put laws on colonies

mercantilism

colonies exist to help the mother country economically and if they don’t then they are useless

Currency Act

prohibited colonies from printing more paper money; especially bad bc of new taxes

Stamp Act of 1765

INTERNAL tax (within colonies) that taxed all paper items including legal documents, liquor licenses, stamps, etc.

Virtual representation

said that members of Parliament represented all British subject regardless of who elected them

Sons of Liberty

protest group in the colonies that burned Thomas Hutchinson’s house

Townshend Acts of 1767-1770

more EXTERNAL taxes on lead, glass, paper, paint, tea; repealed in 1770 except for stamp act; Parliament also declared the declaratory act at this time; UNITED COLONISTS

Massachusetts Circular Letter

letter written by Samuel Adams; sent out buy the Massachusetts Assembly; went to all other assemblies asking that they protest the new measures in unison; REACTION TO TOWNSHEND ACT

nonconsumption and nonimportation

methods of boycotting used to protest British goods; only effective if everyone participated

Colonists “riots”

organized; Sam Adams involved, not actually riots, “hanging them in EFFIGY”

Boston massacre 1770

accidental shooting with 11 colonists shot and 4 killed, British soldiers armed and colonists not, John Adams defended these soldiers in court and got most acquitted; TENSIONS ARE HIGH

Committees of Correspondence

colonists set up groups like these throughout the colonies to trade ideas and inform one another of the political mood; worked to CONVINCE CITIZENS TO TAKE ACTIVE INTEREST in the conflict

Mercy Otis Warren

writer and friend of Abigail Ada ms and Martha Washington; PUBLISHED PAMPHLETS calling for Revolution; supported Boston Tea Party and boycotts

Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania

series of essays written by John Dickinson; united the colonists even more AGAINST TOWNSHEND ACT

Boston Tea Party

because British granted the foundering East India Tea Company a monopoly on tea trade, America was MAD, tea was cheaper for the colonists but they were unhappy with Parliament’s imposing of taxes; Boston didn’t allow the ship to unload, and Sons of Liberty (poorly disguised as Mohawks) boarded the ships and dumped tea

Coercive Acts (aka Intolerable Acts)

England’s response to the Boston Tea Party; punitive measures to punish America; Boston Port Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act, Massachusetts Government Act

Boston Port Act

closed Boston Harbor to all shipping until the tea destroyed in the Boston Tea Party was paid for; ships sat idle at the docks; sialors and dockworkers lost their jobs; stores closed for lack of goods to sell

Administration of Justice Act

said that a British soldier arrested for murder in colonies would have a trial in England -\> British felt free to abuse colonists; smugglers also not tried in colonies bc colonies would find them not guilty

Quartering Act

required colonists to feed and house British troops in their homes- no one's property was safe from an invasion from British troops

Massachusetts Government Act

put colony under the control of an appointed governor; the elected assembly was closed down, and town meetings were banned; colonists lost the right to govern themselves; closed general court and stopped town meetings

Quebec Act

passed at the same time as the Intolerable Acts, 1. Granted greater liberties to Catholics, who protestants distrusted 2. Extended the boundaries of the Quebec Territory helping with W expansion; FRENCH GET OWN GOV + COLONIES DON’T

1st Continental Congress

meeting of colonial delegate to figure out how to get rights as British citizens; this meeting organized militia

Patrick Henry

virginian radical; a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies; SENT TO FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

Continental Association

colonial towns set up committees of observation to enforce the boycott; in time, these committees became their town’s de facto government

Battle of Lexington 1775

goal was to slow down the British; shot heard around the world; British were trying to capture Sam Adams and John Hancock (hid in concord); paul Revere's ride and church bells

redcoats

British who fought against the patriots (colonists)

Battle of Concord 1775

didn’t fight how the British wanted, over 200 casualties on British; British couldn’t find ammo at first but that’s bc it was hidden at bottom of a lake; MILITIA ORGANIZED BY 1ST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

Loyalists

those who remained loyal to the crown during the American Revolution; members of Church of England

patriots

mostly white Protestant property holders and gentry, as well as urban artisans; COLONISTS

2nd Continental Congress

appointed George Washington as head of Continental army and also sent Olive Branch Petition to England

Continental Army

Washington’s army formed by the 2nd continental congress; coordinated military efforts in war against British; goal wasn’t to win battles but to win the war by tiring the British

Continental Army

Washington’s army formed by the 2nd continental congress; coordinated military efforts in war against British; goal wasn’t to win battles but to win the war by tiring the British

Olive Branch Petition

last attempt at peace before war; sent to England in 1775; wanted to settle differences amicably

Common Sense

Paine’s pamphlet written in common language with enlightenment thought; used to help common people understand the ideology behind the revolution; ½% a percent of colonists bought this pamphlet

Thomas Paine

English printer who advocated for colonial independence and ARGUED MERITS OF REPUBLICANISM OVER MONARCHY; wrote common sense

Locke ideology

said power to govern is in the hands of the people; said that human beings have NATURAL RIGHTS of LIFE LIBERTY AND PROPERTY; right to SELF-RULE

Montesquieu

said government should have 3 branches with checks and balances

Rousseau ideology

if power to govern is in hands of people, people agree willingly to give up some of their power (SOCIAL CONTRACT), if government agrees to protect the people’s natural rights; LAWS WITHOUT CONSENT ARE VOID

Paul Revere’s “ride”

made up and written 60 years after lexington and Concord; Revere didn’t even finish ride, he was captured, main goal of this ride was to alert nearby town then they’d go alert more and more like a PYRAMID

Thomas Jefferson

Democratic-Rep who helped write the declaration of independence; owned slaves; Wanted Agrarian government, no international trade, no manufacturing, SMALL LOCAL ECONOMIES AND GOV; concentrated gov \= dangerous; FRIENDS WITH FRENCH; Freedom of thought and free communication is safeguard of liberties

Declaration of Independence

declared to England that colonies were independent; didn’t actually achieve independence, just started war; said grievances against the crown and talked about gov’s responsibility towards people; ENLIGHTENMENT

Battle of Saratoga 1777

upstate NY; turning point in the American Revolution that was the decisive victory of American vs. British troops; convinced the French to a formal alliance with Continental Congress

Battle of Yorktown 1781

symbolic end to the American Revolution even though British stayed in NYC for two more years; Britain’s general Cornwallis was surrounded and surrendered -\> led to negotiations -\> end of war

Franco-American Alliance 1778

negotiated by Ben Franklin, this brought the French into the war on the side of the colonists after Saratoga; residual French vs. English hate from French and Indian war made French like America

Ben Franklin

took Declaration of Stamp Act Congress to England; major help in Revolution but didn’t hold political office; helped draft declaration of independence; created lighting rods; helped with treaty of paris 1783 and constitution; in 2nd continental congress;

Treaty of Paris 1783

this treaty ended the American Revolution, granted American Independence and generous territorial rights; demanded that British troops leave formerly enslaved people behind, but the British military commanders upheld earlier promises and evacuated thousands of freedmen, transporting them to Canada, the Caribbean, or Great Britain

Articles of Confederation

sent out by the Continental Congress; first national constitution that was sent to the colonies for ratification; intentionally created little to no central government since they were afraid of their gov being tyrannical -\> LOTS ISSUES -\> PHILADELPHIA CONVENTION

Philadelphia Convention

summer 1787 convention; Called explicitly to revise the existing articles of Confederation; George Washington, Alexander Hamilton; agreed to keep CONVERSATIONS PRIVATE; DID NOT ATTEND -\> Jefferson, Adams x2, Henry Lee, Patrick Henry

Abigail Adams

wrote a famous letter to her husband pleading that he “remember the ladies” for women’s rights in the new government

Shay’s Rebellion

an uprising in Massachusetts during late 1786 and early 1787; rebellion stemmed from a post-Revolutionary War depression and a shortage of hard money that left western farmers in danger of losing their land to foreclosures as a result of their failure to pay debts and taxes

Whiskey Rebellion

Excise tax on Whiskey distillers (Hamilton's idea), Distillers (farmers) on western frontier refused to pay, Fueled support for Jefferson and his followers

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Asserted Congress's control over the Northwest Territory, Allowed for new states to be created from it (3-5 states), Established procedures for statehood, Banned slavery in the Northwest Territory

Alexander Hamilton

concerned that there was no uniform commercial policy and feared for the survival of the new republic; convened what came to be known as the ANNAPOLIS CONVENTION

Annapolis Convention

only 5 delegates showed up do this; after this, Congress consented to meeting in Philadelphia -\> eventual Constitutional Convention

New Jersey Plan

proposal from William Patterson; congress would give each state one vote; SMALL STATES

Virginia Plan

Brainchild of James Madison; new government where congress representation is based on state population; has independent executive to carry out the laws (president); BIG STATES

Great Compromise (aka Connecticut Compromise)

2 houses of Congress; each state gets two senators and at least one rep in the house of representatives (based on population); mix of NJ and VIRGINIA PLANS

Three-Fifths Compromise

agreement that for every 5 slaves, the south could count them as 3 votes

Executive branch

article 2; enforces the laws of the United States, spends money as allowed by Congress, declares states of emergency, appoints Judges to the Supreme Court, and grants pardons for crimes; PRESIDENT

Legislative branch

article 1; makes the laws of the United States, controls all of the money, and has the power to declare war; CONGRESS

Judicial branch

article 3; interprets laws, judges when a law is unconstitutional, and makes arrangements for prisoners; SUPREME COURT

Anti-Federalists

wanted a weak central government and more power to the people and opposed the ratification of the Constitution; PUT FORTH THE BILL OF RIGHTS

Bill of Rights

which consist of the first ten Constitutional Amendments, guarantee certain rights to American citizens in all circumstances; supported by ANTI FEDERALISTS

Federalists

Government should foster economic growth; manufacturing and trade, not just farming, strong national government HAMILTON; favored BRITISH

Federalist Papers

anonymously authored by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay, these were published in NY newspaper; critical in swaying opinion in NY a very important political state

James Madison

contributed to Constitution during the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and by ratifying it and writing the Federalist papers with Hamilton; “father of the Constitution”

John Jay

one of the authors of The Federalist Papers, he was involved in the drafting of the CONSTITUTION; first chief justice of the Supreme Court

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President of the United States; favored limited central government; chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; approved of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and promoted ideals of republicanism; Washington’s secretary of state

National bank

Hamilton proposed this to help regulate and strengthen the economy; both houses of congress approved this plan but washington found it unconstitutional; $$$

Strict constructionists

led by Jefferson and Madison, they argued that the Constitution allowed Congress only those powers specifically granted to it or those “necessary and proper” to the execution of its enumerated powers

Enumerated powers

powers specifically given to Congress in the Constitution; including the power to collect taxes, coin money, regulate foreign and interstate commerce, and declare war

Broad (loose) constructionist

led by Hamilton, a Constitutional interpretation that requires an analysis of history, scientific findings, or political circumstances be applied to a legal case alongside the ruling of the Constitution

Implied power

powers not specifically stated, but justified by the “necessary and proper” clause

National debt

all of the money borrowed by the government and not yet repaid, plus the accrued interest on that money

French Revolution

a social and political revolution in France that toppled the monarchy; created a dilemma for the United States between helping the crown or the people, chose neutrality in the matter -\> Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

Citizen Edmond Genêt

French gov rep that visited America to seek its assistance -\> NEUTRALITY PROCLAMATION

Neutrality Proclamation

Washington declared the US intention to remain “friendly and impartial toward belligerent powers”

Democratic Republicans

followers of JEFFERSON; not to be confused with Republicans created in 1850s still around today; Agrarian oriented; a nation of yeomen farmers; weak national government; governments get CORRUPT if they have power

Henry Clay’s American System

1. a tariff to protect and promote American industry 2. a national bank to foster commerce 3. federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture

Second Party System

term used by historians and political scientists to refer to the framework that dominated politics in the United States from about 1828 to 1854; spurred by the presidential election of 1828, this represented a SHIFT TOWARD GREATER PUBLIC INTEREST IN POLITICS

Andrew Jackson

Indian Removal Policy, 2nd Ban of the US Re-charter Bill and Jackson's VETO, tariff of 1832 and the Nullification and Disunion Crisis, emergence of the 2nd political party system

Whigs

American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

Battle of Fallen Timbers

1794 attack made by American General "Mad Anthony Wayne" against invading Indians from the northwest; DEFEAT OF INDIANS ended BRITISH INDIAN ALLIANCE

Jay’s Treaty

treaty was meant to prevent a war between the two nations by not allowing the US to trade with “hostile nations,” such as France; France and Great Britain were at war during this time, so this treaty CAUSED FRENCH LEADERS TO KNOW THAT BRITISH AND AMERICA WERE ALIGNED; low point of Washington’s administration

Executive privilege

right of the president to withhold information when doing so would protect national security (ex. case of diplomatic files and military secrets)

Pinckney’s Treaty (Treaty of San Lorenzo)

ratified by US senate in 1796; considered to be the HIGH POINT OF WASHINGTON ADMINISTRATION; Treaty with Spain about Western farmers; Gave the US open access to New Orleans

Farewell Address

Washington’s famous speech where he declined a third term; partly written by Hamilton; warned Americans against sectional divisions and political party conflict; said to AVOID PERMANENT ALLIANCES

Republican Motherhood

Mothers to teach good moral values, Raise children to be virtuous: Boys \= patriotic, virtuous citizens, Girls \= good republican mothers; women can’t vote or hold office only support