[PH RT 1] Module 2 and Biomedical literature

summarized and distilled

Provide information that has been \_______ and \_______ by the author and editor to provide a quick easy summary of a topic

first line resources

Excellent \________ when dealing with a drug information question

out of date

limitations of tertiary sources Information may be\_______ before text is even published

less current information

limitations of tertiary source

index or abstract

secondary literature refers to references that either \__________ the primary literature,

directing the user to relevant primary literature

with the goal of \______

index

Consists of providing bibliographic citation information

abstracting

Includes brief description of the information provided by the article or resource cited

tends to be more recent

primary literature \____ than tertiary or secondary

evaluate the quality of informaiton

pharmacists should be prepared to help consumers \_______

recommended by sites where information might be found

found online as \______

tertiary, is basic and factual knowledge

the answer to a question is \______ in the field

tertiary, extensively and a conclusion was made

the question was studied \______

tertiary, addressed and agree

many experts have \____ the question and \____ on an answer

secondary or primary, new and never been studied

a question is \___ and has \______

secondary or primary, consensus

there is no \____ among experts, various opinions abound

secondary or primary, conflicting evidence and needs further study

there is \_____ and question needs further study

AHFS drug information general product information

Organized by monographs containing information on both Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved and off-label uses of medications. Designated by the U.S. Congress as an appropriate source of information for determining reimbursement of unlabeled uses of medications. Information about dosing in specific populations is also included, as is a wide variety of general information about medications. Some information is also available about compatibility and stability of injectable formulations. available in paper format (updated annually), an excerpted paper format (AHFS DI® EssentialsTM), and a mobile drug reference version

general product information clinical pharmacology

Contains monographs of prescription and nonprescription products as well as some dietary supplements. Tools within the database allow users to screen for drug interactions, create comparison tables for drug products, determine intravenous (IV) compatibility (based on Trissel's 2TM Clinical Pharmaceutics Database) and search for tablets by description or imprint codes. Patient education information is available in English and Spanish. available online or as a smartphone application.

general product information micromedex 2.0

Contains information about FDA-approved indications, off-label uses, pharmacokinetic data, safety information, and pharmacology. Multiple interactive tools are available to assess for drug- drug/food/supplement interactions, incompatibilities, and pharmacokinetic adjustments. There is an additional toxicology section which allows identification of drugs based on imprint codes and discussion of overdose management. Patient education materials are also included in this database.

general product information facts and comparisons

Contains information about prescription and nonprescription drugs organized by drug class. Information is provided about specific agents, including inactive ingredients in commercial preparations. There are comparative monographs of drug classes to help discern differences between agents of the same class. Available via hardcopy, online (Facts & Comparisons® eAnswers), and for mobile devices. Electronic version of this resource allows for an integrated search across a variety of Facts & Comparisons publications (depending on subscription purchased).

general product information drug information handbook

This handbook is organized in brief product monographs, where information is presented regarding clinical use, safety, and monitoring for a variety of drugs. Data are presented about FDA-approved and offlabel use of medications. There is a tablet identification section as part of the electronic format. Has several helpful appendices providing treatment options and comparing agents in the same class. Available via hard copy, online, and for mobile devices. Electronic versions allow for integrated searches of various Lexicomp® products (depending on subscription purchased). Online resource also includes tablet identification features as well as medication pricing information. Has also partnered with AHFS (described above) to offer an electronic subscription combining their two databases in a seamless search

general product information Handbook of Nonprescription Drug: An Interactive Approach to Self Care

Organized by body system, focusing on those disease states for which self-care may be appropriate. Information is provided about comparative efficacy of various over-the-counter (OTC) agents, as well as contraindications for selftreatment, drug interactions, and other safety information

general product information Physicians' Desk Reference

A compilation of prescription product package inserts. Additional information includes contact information for manufacturers, a list of poison control centers, and very limited tablet identification. The company maintains a Web site, pdrhealth.com, which contains patient appropriate information. Information from the Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) is also available online at http://www.pdr.net or http://www.pdrhealth.com, or for mobile devices (PDRBooks®). In addition to the original PDR, there are a variety of focused editions, including the PDR® for Herbal Medicines, PDR® for Nutritional Supplements, PDR® for Ophthalmic Medicines, PDR® for Nonprescription Drugs.

general product information usp dictionary

The official resource for determining generic and chemical names of drugs, as well as the international nonproprietary name. Additionally, useful information such as chemical structure, molecular weight, Chemical Abstracts Services (CAS) registry number, and a pronunciation guide is provided. Also available in an online format and in print.

general product information epocrates

This family of electronic resources includes both mobile and online products. These resources include information about drugs (monographs, interaction checker, safety data, tablet identification) and diseases (epidemiology, prognosis, treatment).

adverse effects meyler's side effects of drugs

Provides a critical review of international literature in the area of adverse events. Chapters are organized by drug classification; adverse events are organized by drug name and then by organ system within each drug. Information is provided about adverse events and management.

adverse effects side effects of drugs annual: a worldwide yearly survey of new data and trends

This reference which is updated annually serves as a companion to the text Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs. A team evaluates international literature published each year identifying new information and summarizing that information in this resource.

availability of dosage forms american drug index

Contains brief entries, indexed by product and generic name, with information about product use, available dosage forms and sizes, and manufacturer information. Several helpful charts are also available, including look-alike/sound-alike medications, pregnancy categories, normal lab values, as well as common pharmacy calculations.

availability of dosage forms red book

Primarily contains data regarding prescription and OTC product availability and pricing. There are also a number of tables listing information such as sugar-free, lactose-free, or alcohol-free preparations. Additionally, information such as National Drug Code (NDC) numbers, routes of administration, dosage form, size, and strength are included. Available in paper copy and electronically within Micromedex® 2.0.

compounding formulations extemporaneous formulations for pediatric geriatric and special needs patients

A compilation of published formulations with stability data. Most products are oral formulations to reflect the unique needs of some pediatric patients. Information is also provided about legal and technical issues in compounding practices.

compounding formulations merck index

Provides descriptions of the chemical and pharmacological information about a variety of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals. Data include CAS number, chemical structure, molecular weight, and physical data, including solubility, which may be especially useful in compounding. Available in print and online.

compounding formulations remington the science and practice of pharmacy

Classic text contains information about all aspects of pharmacy practice. There is discussion of social issues impacting pharmacy as well as information. about the basics of pharmaceutics, manufacturing, pharmacodynamics, nuclear pharmacy, and medicinal chemistry. Information is provided regarding common compounding techniques and ingredients. The paper text is divided into two volumes and also includes a companion CD-ROM.

compounding and formulations a practical guide to contemporary pharmacy practice

text resource with CD-ROM is organized in an outline format to find information easily. Discussion of compounding techniques, pharmacy calculations, and explanations of additives used in compounding is very useful. Students and young practitioners may find the sample cases especially helpful.

compounding formulations trissels stability of compounded formulations

Provides information about preparation of sterile and nonsterile dosage forms. Organized by drugs and provides a summary of the properties of a drug, general stability considerations, and stability reports of compounded preparations. Has also extensive information provided about beyond-use dating.

compounding formulations usp nf

This resource, available in print, online, and flash drive formats, contains the official substance and product standards. Also, official preparation instructions are given for a limited number of commonly compounded products

dietary supplements natural medicine comprehensive database

Available in text, online, and mobile device formats. Provides a summary of the information available for various dietary supplements and rates the relative safety and efficacy of those products. Searches can be performed by brand names of supplements or by a variety of common names. The electronic version includes an interaction checker and disease state/condition search. The electronic resource has also partnered with the USP Verified program to indicate which supplements have been certified to contain a quality product by USP Verified.

dietary supplements natural standard

Available in text and electronic forms. Extensive evidence-based information regarding efficacy is provided. The monographs utilize tables to quickly summarize published literature and to grade the quality of that evidence. The monographs also provide detailed dosing information reflecting the doses used in clinical studies as well as those recommended by expert opinion

dietary supplement pdr for herbal medicines

Products are indexed by common name and information is provided regarding action, usage, dosage, and other clinically useful information. Citations to the primary literature are also provided at the conclusion of each monograph. The focus on strictly herbal products, rather than nonbotanical dietary supplements, may limit utility in some settings.

dietary supplements review of natural products

Provides information about the chemistry pharmacology, and toxicology of a number of natural products, based on references to primary literature. A summary of relevant clinical trials is also available. There is also limited patient counseling information, but the strength of this resource is in the chemistry and pharmacology information. Recent revisions have dramatically increased the amount of information included in patient counseling sections. Available in loose-leaf, bound, online, and mobile device formats.

dietary supplements trease and evan's pharmacognosy

Offers a mixture of more classic pharmacognosy, crude plant-based drug classification and examination, and some of the more clinical applications, pharmacology, and phytochemistry. NOT a resource focused on patient care issues.

drug interactions hansten and horns drug interactions analysis and management

Provides summaries of, mechanism of, and management options for reported drug interactions. Also provide information regarding severity of interaction and any risk factors that might predispose patients to this event. The loose-leaf version of the reference is updated quarterly while the bound is updated annually. Both provide rapid information regarding severity and likelihood of an interaction and actions needed to minimize this risk based on the case studies and primary literature available. Some of this content is integrated into other electronic Facts & Comparisons products.

drug interactions drug interaction facts

Resource provides information about drug-drug or drug-food interactions. Discussions of significance of the interaction as well as suggestions for management are included. Available in both bound and loose-leaf texts. Electronically, it is available via CD-ROM and as integrated in other electronic Facts & Comparisons products.

drug interactions food medication interactions

Available in print, online, and mobile device formats. Focuses on the impact food may have on mediations and also highlights what foods should be avoided with specific medications.

geriatric dosage recommendations geriatric dosage handbook

Monographs in this resource contain traditional sections of drug information, but focus on dosing recommendations for geriatric patients. There is a special section of each monograph addressing concerns specific to the geriatric population. Limited references to primary literature are provided. Also available online and for mobile devices.

geriatric dosage recommendations

Focuses primarily on management of diseases and conditions common in geriatric patients. There is some discussion of appropriate dosing of medications in this population

identification of products ident a drug

Resource is organized by imprint codes and provides identification of drugs based on those codes. Descriptions of medications as well as NDC and Canadian DIN numbers are provided. Available as electronic and text versions.

identification of products drugs.com

Has an easy-to-use imprint search. Especially useful as it is available to patients and has no charge for use. Other resources, discussed elsewhere, also have some tablet identification features including Clinical Pharmacology, Lexicomp Online, Micromedex 2.0®, and Facts & Comparisons eAnswers®.

incompatibility and stability handbook on injectable drugs

Commonly called Trissel's, includes information regarding the compatibility and stability of various parenteral medications. Information is primarily provided in the form of charts and tables, making finding information relatively quick. This resource also provides information about routes of administration and commercially available strengths. A pocket-sized handbook and online subscription are also available.

incompatibility and stability king guide to parenteral admixtures

Over 450 IV drug monographs are provided. Focuses on compatibility information. Also, limited information about stability is available. Available in loose-leaf, bound copy, online, and mobile device formats

incompatibility and stability trissels 2 clinical pharmaceutics database

Electronic resource compiles data from other Trissel publications. Information about parenteral admixtures, compounded formulations, physical compatibility,and chemotherapy formulations is included. Extensive information describing published information is provided which can be applied to specific clinical situations. Available for the intranet, as well as via CD-ROM and the Internet.

international drug equivalence index nominum international drug directory

Contains information on drugs available in over 130 countries. Information is included regarding structure, therapeutic class, and proprietary names for single entity medications. A CD-ROM is included containing contact information for pharmaceutical manufacturers worldwide.

martindale the complete drug reference

includes information on a variety of domestic and international drugs. Proprietary names and manufacturer contact information are available for a variety of countries. Some information is provided about common herbal products as well as diagnostic agents, radioactive pharmaceuticals, and some veterinary products. Available in hardcopy, CD-ROM, via online Medicines Complete subscription, and is also included in some Micromedex® Healthcare Series packages.

pediatric dose recommendations the harriet lane handbook

Assembled by medical residents, contains a succinct discussion of common diseases and conditions of newborn to adolescent patients. A significant portion of the book is dedicated to medication dosing, specifically pediatrics. A section also contains information about common side effects and dosage forms available. Includes a variety of topic areas including palliative care and toxicology information. There is a separate publication which focuses on antimicrobial therapy. Also available for mobile devices.

pediatric dosage recommendations pediatric dosage handbook

Monographs in this resource contain traditional sections of drug information, but focus on detailed dosing recommendations for pediatrics. There is also information about common extemporaneous preparations. Limited references to primary literature are provided. Also available online, on CD-ROM, and for mobile devices

pharmacokinetics basic clinical pharmacokinetics

Discusses the basic principles of pharmacokinetics especially interpretation and implications of plasma concentrations. He second section of the book provides monographs and discussions focused on drugs most commonly assessed by blood concentration levels.

pharmacokinetics applied biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics

Describes the role of pharmacokinetics as it relates to drug development and to patient care. Covers the clinical application of pharmacokinetics and also addresses the impact of pharmacogenetics on drug metabolism. Included in the Access PharmacyTM electronic subscription.

pharmacology goodman and gilmans the pharmacological basis of therapeutics

This classic pharmacology text also provides information about pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a number of drugs. The focus of the resource is to provide a correlation between principles of pharmacology and contemporary clinical practice. The text makes extensive use of charts and tables to convey information. Included in the Access PharmacyTM electronic subscription.

pharmacology basic and clinical pharmacology

This text, organized by therapeutic class of agents, provides general discussion of pharmacology principles as well as more detailed discussion of specific agents. Figures and tables are frequently used to illustrate difficult material. Included in the Access PharmacyTM electronic subscription.

pharmacology brodys human pharmacology molecular to clinical

Designed with a student focus and emphasizes therapeutic impact of pharmacology. Text is organized by organ system impacted. Text also has accompanying mobile device downloads and Internet updates.

pharmacology modern pharmacolgy with clinical applicatoins

Focused on the clinical application of drugs. Text has moved away from an emphasis on chemical structures to an emphasis on structureactivity relationships. Also includes information on some common dietary supplements.

pharmacy law pharmacy practice and the law

Resource contains information about federal laws and regulations impacting pharmacy practice. Additional implications for pharmacy practice are provided for some legislation. Information is provided about federal and state regulation of product development, dispensing, and development. Various summaries of case law are provided. Additionally information regarding Internet pharmacies and electronic transmission of prescriptions has been added

teratogenicity lactation drugs in pregnancy and lactation

This text (often referred to as Brigg's) focuses exclusively on information available about the use of medications in pregnant or lactating women. Summaries of the literature available regarding fetal exposure in utero or exposure through breast milk are provided. Animal literature is provided in cases where human literature is lacking. Additional information about recommendations by organizations such as the American Academy of Pediatrics is provided.

teratogenicity lactation catalog of teratogenic agents

Covers pharmaceuticals, chemicals, environmental pollutants, food additives, household products, and viruses and their possible teratogenicity. Special attention has been paid to including the international as well as domestic information.

therapy evaluation applied therapeutics the clinical use of drugs

Includes information about disease states and treatment options. Information is presented in the form of cases with follow-up discussion. Focus is on clinical case-based presentation of information. There is also a pocket-sized handbook designed to accompany the text. This print resource is updated every few years and comes with a CD-ROM. A version is also available for use on a mobile device

therapy evaluation goldmans cecil medicine

Is available in print, CD-ROM, mobile device, and Internet (http://www.cecilmedicine.com) formats. Organized by disease state and color-coded to speed usage. Information about etiology, manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis is provided.

therapy evaluation harrisons principles of internal medicine

Serves as a fairly comprehensive introduction to clinical medicine. It is available in text and electronic formats. Comprehensive information is presented including pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and disease management. Included in the Access PharmacyTM electronic subscription.

therapy evaluation the merck manual of diagnosis and therapy

Provides a quick summary of disease state information, including pathology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. This resource is also available online as a free resource at http://www.merckmanuals.com/, and mobile device version.

therapy evaluation medscape

Electronic resource provides extensive information about disease states and conditions. It includes news and updates on treatment. In addition, it includes basic monographs about prescription and OTC medications.

therapy evaluation pharmacotherapy pathophysiologic approach

Focuses on the management of a variety of disease states. Information provided about disorders include epidemiology, etiology, presentation of disease, treatment, and treatment outcomes. Available in text and electronic formats. Resource also has accompanying texts: Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A Patient-Focused Approach and Pharmacotherapy Handbook. Included in the Access PharmacyTM electronic subscription.

therapy evaluation pharmacotherapy principles and practice

Focuses on the management of a variety of disease states, centering on the diseases most likely to be seen by pharmacists, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants. More concise than Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiological Approach and is focused on diseases most likely to be seen in practice, including community pharmacy; it also contains various features to help student learning. Information provided about disorders include epidemiology, etiology, presentation of disease, treatment, and treatment outcomes. Available in text and electronic formats. Resource also has accompanying text: Pharmacotherapy Principles and Practice Study Guide.

therapy evaluation textbook of therapeutics

PDA, CD-ROM, and print versions of this resource are available. While the resource focuses on treatment of disease states and development of a therapeutic plan,sections regarding pathophysiology and clinical presentation are also provided.

toxicology casarett and doulls toxicology the basic science of poison

Designed to serve as a textbook rather than a quick resource for toxicology information. Extensive information is provided regarding organand non-organ-directed toxicity. Included in the Access PharmacyTM electronic subscription.

toxicology goldfranks toxicologic emergencies

Designed to offer a case study approach to toxicology. Initial basic toxicology data are provided, but the majority of this text focuses on management of toxicologic emergencies with a variety of common drugs, botanicals, pesticides, and other occupational or environmental hazards.

secondary biosis previews

A comprehensive database of biological information, covering biological and biomedical information. Also covers abstracts from conferences relating to basic sciences. Most helpful when seeking more basic science information about activity of compounds on a cellular level.

secondary cancerlit

Maintained by the National Cancer Institute and indexes literature from a variety of sources specific to cancer literature. Most useful when looking for information about oncology therapies or quality of life issues.

secondary cinahl

An indexing service that covers primarily literature in the fields of nursing and allied health. Useful when seeking information about patient care from the perspective of allied health professionals. Is updated monthly.

secondary cochrane library

has three components: indexes of Cochrane reviews about a variety of medical treatments, conditions, and alternative therapies; abstracts of international systematic reviews; and Bibliography of systematic reviews in worldwide literature. Evidence-based medicine reviews are based on extensive analysis of current literature and provide treatment recommendations

secondary current contents connect

Offers an overview of very recently published literature as it relates to scientific information. Multiple subsets; the clinical medicine and life science subgroups are likely the most useful for practitioners and focus on useful information about recent drug research or developments.

secondary embase

Comprehensive abstracting service covering biomedical literature worldwide. Covers material similar to that covered by MEDLINE®, but with greater coverage of international publications. Has less lag time between publication and inclusion in the database. useful when seeking information about dietary supplements or medications. that may be available in other countries.

secondary google scholar

Internet search engine that is designed to target scholarly materials available online, in a variety of professional areas including health care. Information from a variety of scholarly journals and publications is able to be searched; however, in some cases the searcher may not be able to access full-text versions of articles or works due to password restrictions.

secondary international pharmaceutical abstracts

Includes drug-related information, including drug use and development. Also abstracts a variety of meeting presentations. Main focus of this database is pharmacy information, including pharmacy administration and clinical services, making it the most comprehensive global database for pharmacy specific information.

secondary iowa drug information system

An indexing service that allows retrieval of full-text articles from a variety of biomedical publications Indexing is done by drug- and disease-specific terms, which at times makes searching challenging. An autosuggest feature has been added to this database, which provides suggested search terms that appear as the searcher begins to enter terminology. Useful for information about standard medications. Unique in that it provides full-text articles, in either PDF form or, for pre-1988 articles, microfiche. has added a Comparative Effectiveness Plus tool which allows access to pivotal studies, regulatory documents, and practice guidelines to compare specific medications.

secondary journal watch

An abstracting service including recent information, summarized by physicians, from a variety of medical literature. A general newsletter covering major medical stories of interest to generalists is published as well as additional newsletters in specific specialty areas. Most helpful when monitoring for new clinical trials involving specific medications.

secondary lexisnexis

An indexing and abstracting service that provides coverage of a variety of types of information, including medical, legal, and business news. Some publications are available full text through this service. Helpful when attempting to locate information about recent medical news or research.

secondary medline

Coverage includes basic and clinical sciences as well as nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and many other health care disciplines. Information comes from more than 5000 journals in 40 different languages.

secondary pharmacoeconomics and outcomes news weekly

This weekly publication covers recent publications regarding economic use of health care resources, as well as information on prescribing trends, recent health care news, and regulatory updates. Focus of this publication is the economic impact of disease states and medical interventions.

secondary reactions weekly

A weekly indexing/abstracting service summarizing literature involving adverse events, drug interactions, drug dependence, and toxicology data. Especially useful when seeking case reports of adverse reactions or other information on drug safety. Also, due to the nature of this resource it has a very short lag time, so data are more timely than several other print resources.

limitations of tertiary literature

* lag time associated with publication, resulting in less current information
* may be out of date before text is even published
* incomplete due to space limitations and incomplete literatures searched by authors

problems with tertiary literature

* errors in human transcription
* human bias
* incorrect interpretation
* lack of expertise by authors

evaluation of tertiary literature

* does the author have appropriate experience
* is the information timely based on publication date
* is information supported by appropriate citation
* does the resource contain relevant information
* does the resource appear free from bias and blatant errors

limitation of secondary literature

* necessary to determine what terms a database is using in order to conduct a successful research

controlled cohort case series case reports

* types of primary research

limitations of primary research

* misleading conclusions based on only 1 trial without the context of other research
* need to have good skills in medical literature evaluation
* time needed to evaluate the large volume of literature available

credible, accurate and current, no ads, contact details of author

* criteria in determining quality of online material

consumer information sources

* demand for health information sources designed for consumers
* pharmacists should be prepared to help consumers evaluate the quality of information found online as recommend sites where information might be found

validity

* refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure

reliability

* how consistent a test is on repeated measures

bias

* used to describe an error at any stage not due to chance