aphg agri

organic agriculture

the production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers

agriculture

the deliberate tending of crops and livestock to produce food, feed, and fiber

primary economic activity

economy activity concerned with the direct extraction if natural resources from the environment \-- such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture

secondary economic activity

economy activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector

tertiary economic activity

economic activity associated with the provision of services \-- such as transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs

quaternary economic activity

service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services

quinary economic activity

service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Example include scientific research and high-level management

plant domestication

genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention

root crops

crops that are reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cutting from the plants

seed crops

plants that are reproduced by cultivating seeds

First Agriculture Revolution

Dating back to 8,000-14,000 years ago, this revolution achieved plant and animal domestication as well as from root crops to seed crops. It was also the shift from nomadic settlements to permanent settlements and from hunter gatherer societies to agricultural societies

animal domestication

genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control

subsistence agriculture

agriculture in which the farmers only grow enough food to survive and feed a family

shifting cultivation

cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning. These clearings are usually abandoned after a few years in favor of newly cleared forestland. Also known as slash and burn agriculture

slash and burn agriculture

system of cultivation that usually exists in tropical areas where vegetation is cut close to the ground and then ignited. The fire introduced nutrients into the soil, thereby making it productive for a relatively short period of time

Second Agriculture Revolution

dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, this revolution witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce through mechanization. At the beginning of this revolution was commercialism and it enabled widespread urbanization

Von Thunen model

a model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market

central city, market gardening and dairying, forest, crops, and livestock and ranching

starting from the center, what are the rings, in order, of the Von Thunen model?

Third Agriculture Revolution

currently in progress, this revolution has as its principal orientation the development of genetically modified organisms as well as pesticides and fertilizers

Green Revolution

what other name is the Third Agriculture Revolution known as?

genetically modified organisms

organisms that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods

genetically modified organisms

GMO

rectangular survey system

also called the public land survey, the system was used by the US Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The system divides land into series of rectangular parcels

township and range system

designed to facilitate the movement of non-Indians evenly across farmlands of the United States interior, this system imposed a rigid grid-like pattern on the land. The basic unit was the 1 sq mile section and land was bought and sold in whole, half, or quarter sections

longlot survey system

distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads or canals

primogeniture

system which the eldest son in a family, or in exceptional cases, daughter, inherits all of a dying parent's land

commercial agriculture

agriculture used for the purpose of selling products for money, often monocultures for economics of scale, and is mechanized

monoculture

the dependence on a single agricultural commodity

Koppen climate classification system

developed by Wladimir Koppen, a system for classifying the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation

climatic regions

areas of the world with similar climatic characteristics

plantation agriculture

production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all of these were established within the tropics, in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives

luxury crops

non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco

livestock ranching

the raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and other byproducts such as leather and wool

Mediterranean agriculture

specialized farming that occurs only areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails

agribusiness

the set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes. It includes activities ranging from seed production, to retailing, to consumption of agricultural products

biotechnology

a form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to make or modify plants and animals or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes

animal husbandry

an agricultural activity associated with the raising of domesticated animals, such as cattle, horses, sheep, and goats

capital intensive agriculture

form of agriculture that uses mechanical goods such as machinery, tools, vehicles, and facilities to produce large amounts of agricultural goods \-- a process requiring very little human labor

dairying

an agricultural activity involving the raising of livestock, most commonly cows and goats, for dairy products

desertification

the process by which formerly fertile lands become increasingly arid, unproductive, and desert-like

extensive agriculture

type of agriculture with large area farms/ranches with low inputs of labor, low output per acre, low land values, and it is far from primary markets. LARGE AREA WITH SMALL PRODUCTION

intensive agriculture

type of agriculture with small-area farms/ranches with high inputs of labor and high output per acre. There is high land values, and it is close to primary outputs. SMALL AREA WITH HIGH PRODUCTION

hunting and gathering

the killing of wild animals and fish as well as the fathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance

labor intensive agriculture

type of agriculture that requires large levels of manual labor to be successful

mechanization

the replacement of human labor with technology or machines

pastoralism

a type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter

salinization

process that occurs when soils in arid areas are brought under cultivation through irrigation. In arid climates, water evaporates quickly off the ground surface, leaving salty residues that render the soil infertile

transhumance

the movements of livestock according to seasonal patterns, generally lowland areas in the winter, and highland areas in the summer

urban sprawl

the process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land

sustainability

a set of policies or practices by which societies can ensure that the people of the future have the same access to resources and thus the same economic and environmental opportunities as people living today

agriculture revolution

industrialization cannot happen without...

Southeast Asia and the Fertile Crescent

where was the hearth of the First Agriculture Revolution?

independently

the hearths of agriculture occurred independently or dependently?

subsistence farmers

most people in agriculture are...

commercial

the developed world is associated with what kind of agriculture?

subsistence

the developing world is associated with what kind of agriculture?

Homestead Act

act that allowed for a homesteader to receive one section of land after living on the land for give years and making improvements on it

8,000 - 14,000 years ago

how long ago did the First Agriculture Revolution occur?

England

where was the hearth of the Second Agriculture Revolution?

metes and bounds system

a system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. It is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as steams or trees. Because of the imprecise nature of this system, the US Land Office Survey abandoned it for the rectangular survey system

extensive agriculture

according to the von thunen model, which kind of agriculture would be located the farthest away from the central city, have the lowest cost of land, and have less demand?

increased

according to the von thunen model, rent or land cost \_______ the closer the land was from the central city

intensive agriculture

according to the von thunen model, which kind of agriculture would be located the closest to the central city, have high land cost, and have high demands?

commodity chains

linked system of processes that gather resources, convert them into goods, package them for distribution, disperse them, and sell them on the market

domestication

conscious manipulation of plant and animal species by humans in order to sustain themselves

feedlots

places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter at a much more rapid rate than grazing; often referred to as factory farms

Fertile Crescent

area located in the crescent-shaped zone near the southeastern Mediterranean coast, which was once a lush environment and one of the first hearths of domestication and thus agricultural activity

planned agricultural economy

an agricultural economy found in communist nations in which the government controls both agricultural production and distribution

specialty crops

crops including items like peanuts and pineapples, which are produced, usually in developing countries, for export

Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Turkey

which countries are located around where the Fertile Crescent was?

Esther Boserup

agricultural geographer who formalized the transition from extensive subsistence forms of agriculture to more intensive cultivation of the land necessary to support greater populations

livestock ranching and dairying

what two categories can commercial livestock be divided into?

commercial grain farming

includes wheat and corn, and a large amount of this is used for feed for livestock. practiced in North American Great Plaines and southern Russia

tropical plantation

grows crops such as sugar cane and coffee, and are wide spread throughout the tropics, in Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean

global economic core

where are organic foods sold in terms of cores?

United States, Canada, Japan, and Europe

where are organic foods sold in terms of countries?

feed for livestock

About half of all the staple grains grown in the United astates are consumed directly by people. What is the other half used for?

how, what

the generation of wealth across the global is better illuminated by focusing on \______ goods are produced, not on \______ is produced.

GMOs and pesticides

other than machines, what other products did mechanization bring that aided in agriculture?

climate and resource availability

the size of hunting and gathering clans varied on what?

fire

control over what was really important in early achievement of human communities?

Carl Saur

who believed that the experiments necessary to establish agriculture and settle in one place would occur in lands of plenty as well as study the geography of the First Agriculture Revolution?

Jared Diamond

Who was the author of Guns, Germs, and Steel, and tried explaining why some areas of the world were still "hunter gatherer" societies while the rest of the world were more developed and industrialized?

cow, sheep, goat, pig, and horse

Jared Diamond said that which animals were important throughout the world?

trains

during the Second Agriculture Revolution, what machinery/innovation helped the transportation of agriculture by transporting goods as well as immigrants to areas to farm?

Lee Liu

Who studied the spatial pattern of agriculture production in China and found that farmers treated both lands far and close to the central city intensively, but with different methods?

IR36

what was the name of the new desirable hybrid rice plant developed by scientists in India?

Western Europe

which area/region banned genetically modified organisms?

cadastral system

the method of land survey through which landownership and property lines are defined

places where settlements could be regulated by law

where were cadastral systems adopted?

dispersed settlements

pattern in which the land is intensively cultivated but by machine rather than by hand

nucleated settlements

the most prevalent rural residential pattern in agricultural areas where houses are grouped together in tiny clusters or hamlets or in villages

rundling

what is another word for a round village?

walled villages

villages or settlements in which it has a wall or a canal build around it in a circle

grid villages

modern villages or rural settlements that are arranged in a grid pattern

commercial farming

what type of farming has dominated the world's economic core?

transportation and food storage

what kind of changes has made agriculture more "intertwined" around the world?

cotton and rubber

what are two of the most significant cash crops?

cash farming

what continues to provide badly needed money, even if the conditions of sale to the urban industrial world are unfavorable?

1900s

when did cotton cultivation expand greatly?