Colonial America Unit

•  Utes, Paiutes, and Shosones

Great Basin, A

• Between two mountain ranges, though still considerably above sea level, extreme temperatures, little rainfall, deserts, salt flats, and brackish water

Great Basin, A

• foraged for roots, seeds and pine nuts and hunted snakes, lizards and small mammals, few “neccesities for life”, were extremely resourceful

Great Basin, A

Because they were always on the move, they lived in compact, easy-to-build wikiups made of willow poles or saplings, leaves and brush, did not live in tribes, lived in small family units

Great Basin, A

• Creeks, Choctaws, Chickawas, Cherokees, Seminoles

South East, B

Hunting/gathering, farming of squash, pumpkin, and beans, fishing

South East, B

• forestland, humid/warm temperatures, fertile farmland

South East, B

• Sun worship learned through interaction with the Aztecs, known for slash-and-burn hunting/farming technique, had strict tribal laws/organization, members ostracized due to their rank in hierarchy

South East, B

• Lenni Lenope 

• Algorkian

• Wampanoag

• Mohawk, Pequot

• Oneida

• Narragansett

• Seneca

• Powhatan

• Cayuga

• Iroquois

• Onondaga

Eastern Woodlands, C

• stretched from present-day Canada’s Atlantic coast to North Carolina and inland to the Mississippi River valley

• our geography/ climate)

Eastern Woodlands, C

• grew crops like corn, beans, and vegetables

• farmed using slash-and-burn method

• hunted/ trapped deer, bear, smaller animals

• foraged nuts + berries

• fished in streams/ bays,

Eastern Woodlands, C

• Iroquoian groups were hostile towards other tribes before European contact, bands and villages outside of their allied confederacies were never safe from their raids

• invented the birchbark canoe,

• invited the snowshoe

• may have been influenced by Aztecs

• most spoke an Algonkian language

• small Algonkian tribes,

• Iroquois controlled the land around the Great Lakes

Eastern Woodlands, C

• Klamath

• Nez perce

• Kootenay

• Yakima

• Flathead tribes

Plateau, D

• Mountains,

• Plateau: “an area of relatively level high ground”

• High country east of coastal area

Plateau, D

• Farming

• strong tribal loyalties

• hunting and trapping the abundant game

• hunting parties: form of ritual/ demonstration of bravery

Plateau, D

• almost always at war with one another

• counting coup: witnesses to testify that a warrior had touched opponent ( just touching seen as demonstration of bravery

• different languages

Plateau, D

• Hopis ← “Pueblos”

• Zunis, ← “Pueblos” 

• Navajos

• Apache

Southwest, E

• very harsh environment, little water

• small amounts of large game made hunting less efficient/ useful

• extreme desert conditions with little plants/water/wildlife

• dry cliffside

• mesas (flat-topped mountains)

Southwest, E

• farming

• planted corn, beans, and squash (three sisters)

• basket-weaving to store important items for survival/sale

• Navajos: master weavers of cotton/ other grown fibers, were great artists/ fabric makers, sold art

Southwest, E

• Used irrigation, dug ditches for spring water/ mountain streams for field, lived in cliffside “apartment houses” made of adobe/ sun-dried bricks

• lived in round houses (hogans), best weavers in the US, used cotton/ wool for different fabric, used colored sands for sand paintings, some tribes split into smaller, more spread out settlements to not overwhelm fragile environment

Southwest, E

• Coos

• Tillamook

• Chinook

• Nootka

• Athopaskan

• Haida

• Tlingit

Pacific Northwest, F

• Coasts

• rivers

• mountains

• mild climate near Oregon, Washington, British Columbia in Canada

Pacific Northwest, F

• traded salmon for goods/ riches

• gave away wealth during potlatches (parties)

• gathered pipe nuts, wild plants

Pacific Northwest, F

• richest tribes

• Lived in large log houses

• made totem poles to reflect identities of people living in the area

• made jewelry/ bone carvings

Pacific Northwest, F

• Sioux, Blackfoot, Crow, Cheyenne, Comanche, Arapaho

Plains, G

• rolling grasslands, land stretches from Rocky Mountains almost to Mississippi river

Plains, G

• hunted bison + buffolo for food + (literally everything) clothes, covers for their mobile homes

Plains, G

• Used every part of the Buffulo

• known for traveling on horse-back once horses were introduced to them with the arrival of the Europeans

Plains, G

A

Massachusetts

B

South Carolina

C

Lake Michigan

D

Connecticut

E

Pennsylvania

F

Philadelphia

G

Lake Erie

H

Charleston

I

Jamestown

J

Lake Superior

K

Lake Ontario

L

Lake Huron

king gives charter to companies, companies governed by people

Joint-stock colony

King gives charter to proprietar(s), who appointed governor, set up court laws, collected land tax (“quitrent”) from settlers

Proprietary colony

Run directly by king

Royal colony

Motivated by purification of Church

Puritans

Separated from Church of England, feared children in colonies would forget ways of England

Separatists

Religious freedom Northern colony

Rhode Island

• cold climates, harsh winters

• many rivers/ harbors

• good harbors= deep

• many forests

• lack of large fertile land areas (except for Connecticut)

• bard soil (rocks)

Northern colonies geography

• developed large manufacturing center 

• shipping, lumbering= major industries

• trade and small businesses

• the Triangular Trade, 

• traded with other colonies + West Indies more than with England,

• Squanto: showed farming/ agriculture techniques,

Northern colonies economy

• work hard → salvation (puritan work ethic), work ethic, families, non-tolerant

• towns, churches, schools, town meeting halls thrived

• highly religious

• Massachusetts Bay: Purified, no religious freedom

• Rhode Island: refuge for liberty/ religious freedom

Northern colonies lifestyle

• first self government document for New World, not enough separatists to fund trip, Pilgrims outside boundaries allowed to settle in, leaders demanded government establishment, wrote covenant to serve their special purposes, paraphrased: “Before we set on this land, we are all going to create and abide by self-governing laws“, compact became foundation for state of MA

Mayflower Compact

• allowed company to settle in Massachusetts Bay, did not specify company headquarters location, settlers governed themselves

Charter from king James

frame for self government with a governor, legislative assembly courts, basis of Connecticut’s government

Fundamental Orders

Northern colonies summary word

religious

• New York: trade

• Delaware: trade

• New Jersey: Land sales, escape religious/ political persecution

• Pennsylvania: Land sales, trade, escape religious/ political persecution

• Maryland: first proprietary colony, religious freedom

• Dutch colonies: fur trade

• New Netherland: searched for Northwestern Passage from Europe to Cathay

• New France: French had a lot more land, engaged with fur trade, traded with Indigenous nations → good relationship

Middle colonies motivation

• expert navigator, student of science, brave explorer, earnest missionary, founder of New France in America

• Huguenots, established Quebec city (Jamestown of New France)

• Henry Hudson: English Captain, Hudson river named after him

Samuel de Champlain

• best example of proprietary colony 

Pennsylvania

• better relationship with Indigenous people than other colonies → tolerance of their religions/ inhabitance, William Penn included indigenous nations in his governmental structure

Middle colonies

• conflict w/ Iroquis 

• good harbors for trade

• Georgia: tropical climate, silk, mulberry trees

• small family farms grew corn, oats, wheat

• big trade centers

• “bread colony”

Middle colonies

• Georgia: tropical climate

• mind climate

• fertile land

• great harbors

Middle colonies geography

Middle colonies summary word

Diverse

• (especially for Jamestown): GOLD!!!, get rich, land to conquer

• Virginia: trading, farming

• Maryland: land sales, escape religious/ political persecution, refuge for Catholicism

• The Carolinas: trade, farming, religious freedom

• Georgia: land sale, home for debtors, buffer against Spanish Florida

Southern colonies motivation

Only Southern joint-stock colony, rest were royal

Virginia

• traded a lot with England, good relationship with them

• agriculture

• cashcrops

Southern colonies economy

• swampy

• tidal rivers

• fertile soil

Southern colonies geography

Southern colonies summary word

cash crops (slavery)

• John Smith formed relationships with indigenous people → her

Pocahontas

• John Smith corrupts story in his writing of mock execution ceremony, claims “the child overwhelmed by his charm”, claims she saved him, her act was an initiation ritual he did not understand (historians say)

Pocahontas

• John Smith wanted to use her to save colony

Pocahontas

• she married John Rolf, “peace of Pocahontas”

• she married Kocoum, he was killed

• she was captured, held randsom

• she died of either tuberculosis or pneumonia (or something else, it is uncertain)

Pocahontas

• Settlement before Plymouth 1607

Jamestown

• Settlers got sick from eating/drinking dumped waste from river, no women, not enough workers, too many “gentlemen”, malaria/ diseases

Jamestown problems

John Smith left, Resorted to consuming strange combinations + cannibalism (probably)

Jamestown starving time

• Used past experiences from adventures abroad to help Virginia colony

• kept peace with Natives, they traded corn

John Smith

• injured by a gunpowder explosion and forced to return home when new recruits and supplies came

• his leave caused “Starving Time”

John Smith

• formed relationships with indigenous people → Pocahontas, he corrupts story of mock execution ceremony, claims “the child overwhelmed by his charm”

John Smith

said “He that shall not work, shall not eat”

John Smith

• learned to grow type of tobacco/crossbread tobacco in Virginia, English wanted it, it became a solid economic base

John Rolfe

Massachusetts Bay leader of what would later become Boston

John Winthrop

City Upon a Hill: model community

John Winthrop

pastor in Church of Salem

Roger Williams

• disagreed with Puritan beliefs

• Banished from Massachusetts Bay, began Rhode Island settlement for religious freedom

Roger Williams

• Linguist, translated Bible into other languages, Bible had different messages in different languages, realized Bible could have more than one interpretation, spoke out about it, banished

Roger Williams

• expressed own ideas in sermons

• disagreed with doctrines of Bay colony and criticized ministers

• banished from Colony, joined Rhode Island

Anne Hutchinson

• best place on Atlantic coast for trading, natural habor invited commerce from all over world

Dutch Colony on the Hudson

New Netherland

Dutch settlement

• sailed up Hudson river in search of pathway from Europe to Cathway, Dutch set up trading post along river, brought trading goods worth several thousand dollars in those days

Henry Hudson

motivation= fur trade

Dutch settlements

• Quaker, founded Pennsylvania for Quakers

• colony became refuge for persecuted people all over

William Penn

strict pacifists, refused to raise army, tried to defend colony without violating their beliefs, helped Natives who they knew would defend them, voted “other grain” for a military garison (gunpower)

Quakers

tolerant of other religions, spoke out against slavery/oppression

Quakers

specific cash crops

indigo, rice, sugar, tobacco, cotton 

Triangular trade

trade route between three points, manufactured goods were sent to Africa, traded for enslaved Africans, enslaved Africans to Americas, worked on plantation, work produced raw materials produced Americas, sent to Europe

paying off dept vs owned property, forced labor, some Black indentured servents, not slaves, were brought to Virginia, sign indenture, outright slavery probably not established until later

Indentured servitude vs slavery

• Ship landing on Eastern shore of North America in 1619 before Mayflower

• contained “cargo” of twenty to thirty Angolgian slaves sold for food and supplies, captured, shackled, starved

• 40 percent did not make it past Middle Passage

• set basis for how slavery would go about in North America

White Lion

• One of the 21 men in England who secured a charter for Georgia

• worried about growing unemployment and increasing crime in London

• Georgia settled London’s criminals + provided “exotic” products

• Georgia= least prosperous/populous English colony

James Oglethorpe

founder of Maryland → refuge for Catholics

George Calvert

• first permanent French settlement in New World

New France

Founder of New France

Samuel de Champlain

Iroquois tribe enemy colony

New France

• American leaders called for some union of colonies

• Battles were fought in India as well as America and Europe (truly a world war)

• A colonial congress met in Albany, New York in June 1754

Albany Plan of Union