Week 5

absoprtion

Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream.

amino acids

Small building blocks of proteins, released when proteins are digested.

amylase

Enzyme (-ase) secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to difest strach (amly/o).

anus

Terminal end of opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body.

appendix

Blind pouch hanging from the cecum (in the RLQ). It literally means hanging (pend/o) onto (ap-, which is a form of ad-).

bile

Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules. Bile orginly was called gall (Latin bilis, meaning gall or anger), proably because it has a bitter taste. It is composed of bile pigments (coloured materials), cholesterol, and bile salts.

bilirubin

Pigment released by the liver in bile.

bowel

Intestine

canine teeth

Pointed, dog-like teeth (canine means pertaining to dog) next to the incisors. Also called cuspids or eyeteeth.

cecum

First part of the large intestine.

colon

Portion of the large intestine consisting of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments.

Common Bile Duct

Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also called the choledochus.

defecation

Elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus.

deglutition

Swallowing

dentin

Primary material found in teeth. It is covered by enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.

digestion

Breakdown of complex food to simpler forms.

duodenum

First part of the small intestine. Duo = 2, den = 10; the duodenum meansures 12 inches long

elimination

Removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials as feces.

emulsification

Breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules. This increases the surface area that enzymes can use to digest fat.

enamel

Hard outermost layer fo a tooth.

enzyme

Chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. Digestive enzymes break down complex food to simpler substances. Enzymes are given names that end in -ase.

esophagus

Tube connecting the throat to the stomach. Eso- means inward; phag/o means sawllowing.

fatty Acids

Substances produced when fats digested.

feces

Solid wastes; stool. The term fecal means pertaining to feces.

gallbladder

Small sac under the liver'; stores bile.

glucose

Simple sugar

glycogen

Strach: glucose is stored in the orm of glycogen in liver cells.

hydrochloric acid

substance (strong acid) produced in the stomach; aids digestion

ileum

Third part of the small intestine from the Greek eilos, meaning twisted. When the abdomen was viewed autopsy, the intestine appeared twisted, and the ileum oten was an area of obstruction.

incisor

Any one of four front teeth in the dental arch.

insulin

Hormone produced by the endorcrine cells of the pancreas. It helps transport sugar into body cells.

jejunum

Second part of the small intestine. The Latin jejunus means empty; this part of the intestine was always empty when a body waws examined after death.

lipase

pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats.

liver

Large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. The liver secrets bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destorys worn-out red blood cells; and fillers out toxins. The normal adult liver weighs about 2.5 to 3 pounds.

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. Also called cardiac sphincter

mastication

chewing

molar teeth

root of the mouth. THe hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jawbone (maxilla) The soft palate is the posterior fleshy part between the mouth and the throat.

pancreas

organ behind the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of food)

papillae

SPall projections on the tongue. Taste buds (taste receptor cells) are located within he papillae.

parotid gland

salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear. Note the literal meaning of parotid (par- = near, ot/o = ear)

peristalsis

rhythimic contractions of the tubular organs. In the gastrointestinal tract, peristalsis moves the contents through at different rates: stoamch, 0.5 to 2 hours; small intestine, 2 to 6 hours; and colon, 6 to 72 hours. Peri- meaing surrounding; -stalsis is constriction.

pharynx

throat, the common passageway for food from mouth and for air from the nose.

portal vein

large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines

protease

enzyme that digests protein

pulp

soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels

pyloric sphincter

ring of muscles at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum. From the Greek pyloros, meaning gatekeeper. It is normally close, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it.

pylorus

distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum

rectum

last section of the large intestine, connectng the end of the colon and the anus

ragae

ridges of the hard palate and the wall of the stomach.

saliva

digestive juice produced by salivary glands. Saliva contains the enzyme amaylase, which begins the digestion of starch to sugar.

salivary glands

Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands.

sigmoid colon

Lower, S-shaped segement of the colon, just before the rectum'; empties into the rectum.

sphincter

Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening.

stomach

muscular organ that recieves food from the esophagus. The stomach’s parts are fundus (proximal section), body (middle section), and antrum (distal section).

triglycerides

Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol. Tryglycerides (fats) are a subgroup of lipids. Another type of lipid is cholesterol.

Uvula

Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate. The Latin uva means bunch of grapes.

Villi (singular: villus)

Microspopic projections in thewall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.

an/o

anus

append/o

appendix

appendic/o

appendix

bucc/o

cheek

cec/o

cecum

celi/o

belly, abdomen

cheil/o

lip

cholecyst/o

gallbladder

choledoch/o

common bile duct

col/o

colon

colon/o

colon

dent/i

tooth

duoden/o

duodenum

enter/o

intestines, usually small intestines

esophag/o

esophagus

faci/o

face

gastr/o

stomach

gingiv/o

gums

gloss/o

tongue

hepat/o

liver

ile/o

ileum

jejun/o

jejunum

labi/o

lip

lapar/o

abdomen

lingu/o

tongue

mandibul/o

lower jaw, mandible

odont/o

tooth

or/o

mouth

palat/o

palate

pancreat/o

pancreas

peritone/o

peritoneum

pharyng/o

throat

proct/o

anus and rectum

pylor/o

phyloric sphinctor

rect/o

rectum

sialaden/o

salivary gland

sigmoid/o

sigmoid colon

stomat/o

mouth

uvul/o

uvula

amyl/o

starch

bil/i

gall, bile

bilirubin/o

bilirubin (bile pigment)

chol/e

gall, bile