Sub Saharan Africa & Latin America (world music- v2)

The saharan desert is

bigger than the US

Shona

Bantu speaking people of Zimbabwe

Mbira

22 key lamellaphone

Put in calabash gourd to amplify sound

Lamellaphone

idiophone (self-struck)- instrument that has plucked tongues/tines

Hosho

rattles

Bira

family sponsored community event to allow family members to speak with deceased ancestors

*misfortune, honor, keeping in touch are all reasons for a Bira

Participation in Bira

dancing, clapping, singing

Textless singing is also known as

vocables or nonsense syllables

sprit medium

drinks hallucinogen, represents ancestors, believe favorite music will lead ancestors back

interlocking

musical technique where 2 players play separate but complimentary parts (work together)

Kushaura

“to lead the peace” master

Kutsinhira

“to accompany” student

polyrhythmic

2 or more rhythmic patterns

density

dense meaning thick bc of polyrhythm

Form

variation includes rate of change

contrast is BAD (no dramatic changes)

Improvisation meaning each performance is unique with length of performance, speed and character development, etc.

Ostinato through repetition

BaMbuti

located in democratic republic of congo

communal, egalitarian, nomadic

INTERLOCK

communal

everything is shared

egalitarian

everything is equal- group decisions, consensus, etc.

nomadic

travel, connection to forest

there is no hierarchical leadership, NO instruments

Molimo

ceremony held to “wake up” the forest by eating, hunting, dancing, etc.

belief that the world is good so the forest good, when misfortune occurs the forest must be sleeping

Elima

celebration ceremony for young girls ascending to womanhood

life cycle events

birth, puberty, marriage, baptism, funeral, etc.

Mande

west africa→ gambia, senegal

social hierarchy

occupational specialization

Sula

ordinary (people)→ farmers, merchants, urban occupation, aristocracy

Nyamalo

specialized craft as a profession (ability to manipulate materials)

metal smiths, black smiths, carpenters, leather, musicians, etc.

Jali

musicians, manipulate words and text

considered the most powerful of the higher class

root of Nyamalo, Nyama

connection to the supernatural

responsibilities of Jali

women are primary singers

make music, praise singer

oral historians

genealogists

announce aristocracy (trumpets for king, formal events)

perform at social events (weddings, religious holidays, state/gov. functions)

child naming ceremonies

diplomats

Balo

xylophone with gourd resonators (amplifiers)

can do more than one pitch

Kontingo

5 string lute

has no tuning pegs, flesh of finger stops string

“broom handle” (not finger board) over animal skin

Kora

most representative of Mande

21 string bridge harp (10 on one side, 11 on other)

No other culture has one

4 components of Kora music

Donkilo

Sataro

Kumbengo

Birimintingo

Donkilo

basic vocal melody

Sataro

improvised declamatory singing (shoutful)

Kumbengo

short ostinato

Birimintingo

improvised instrumental section

Anlo-Ewe

located on west coast, Ghana

highly structured- mostly fishermen and farmers

Anlo

name of district, largest in Africa

Ewe

name of the people

society is divided by age sets

performs music less than others

Voluntary dance clubs

led by committee, equally shared, leader

-committee chair

-composer (responsible for creation of distinctive music and song texts for club)

Clubs

own music, music is specific to each one

reasons ewe performs

welcoming government officials

proclamation of political parties

formal presentation of new club

recreation

funerals

Semi-professional

not based on skill, they can’t support themselves so expect payment, may have another job

Gankogui

double bell

Axatse

shaker

classification system of drums

Large, middle, small

Large drums

collection of established patterns (pre-existing material)

Middle drums

call and response/improv.

small drums

ostinato

Buganda

central-east africa, now is Uganda

kingdom- collapsed 1962, restored 1993 as Uganda

Kabaka

king of Buganda

there is no “divine power”, simply a good leader

grants musicians land to live on

separate monarchy

Side Blown Trumpets/Gourds

each only plays one pitch

Flute and drum ensemble

5-6 flutes with some drums

Akadinda

large 22 key xylophone

Entenga

1 set of 12 drums, only heard in royal court

5 note scale/pentatonic

lost in 1962, found undamaged in 1993

Okunga

similar to Kushaura, means to start

Okwawula

similar to Kutsinhira, means to divide

Percussion

Lamellophones (mbira)

xylophones (hosho, balo)

Membranophones

carved from a single log

Chordophones

Lutes (Kora, Kontingo, Guitar)

Aerophones

gourd trumpets

Colonialism

1900-1950

Cultural Disintegration

Religion, christianity → songs, hymns

Notation

Commercial Interests → mass produced, cheap

*Guitars, harmonicas, accordions, banjos

South africa involves

choral-vocal→religious music, pop songs (influence)

Iberian Peninsula

spain & portugal

oldest common denominator

-Spanish/Portugese

-Catholicism

-Musical Characteristics

North America consists of

Mexico/Latinx population

Central America consists of

Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama

South America consists of

Argentina, Peru, Columbia, Ecuador, Chile, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia

Colonialism

Amerindians, Mayan, Aztec, Inca

Amerindian

indigenous population before european explorers

Mayan (Central America)

1500 BCE - 600 CE

Aztec (Mexico)

1345-1521

Inca (Peru)

1400-1533

Mobilities

race/ethnicity

→Argentina (Buenos Aires)

Tango

comes from conventillo

for dancing

National music of argentina

Conventillo

slum/impoverished area

Form of Tango

Malambo, milonga, habanera, and candombe

Malambo

argentine male dance competition

Milonga

Rural song style

Habanera

cuban origins, 1800s, dance

Candombe

Afro-Uruguayan

Tango-Canción

For listening/concerts

Early Tango consists of

Guitar, flutes, violins

“Modern” Tango consists of

bandoneons, violins, piano, bass

Accordion

Piano keys on one side, buttons on other side

Bandoneon

Similar to harmonica with tone color

push buttons on both sides

buttons play more than 1 pitch at the same time

Children of the upper class (early 1900s)

loved tango

traveled to brothels to learn tango

parents didn’t want tango around, kids kept on

shared tango with europeans through vacations

external validation before wealth liked tango

Ángel Villoldo (Father of Tango) (1861-1919)

El Choclo, 1905, solo bandoneon (ABAA form)

rhythmic flexibility

Carlos Gardel (1890-1935)

By a head

2 violins, bandoneon, etc.

Astor Piazzolla (1921-1992)

Controversial Composer

Mixed Tango Canción, Western Jazz, and Western art music→ experimental

Mestizo

mixture of indigenous population

-european and amerindian lineage

Aymara(n)

highlands (high altitude-mtns) of peru & northern chile

predates Inca

favors community, egalitarian

reciprocity

gender divided society within responsibility

unity

Instruments of Aymara

NO vocal

Siku, Bombo

Notes of a scale are divided between instruments

Siku

Panpipes→ interlock

cannot play a complete melody

Bombo

Drum(s)

Music uses in Aymara

Harvest Festival

Life Cycle Events

Community Projects

Religious Ceremonies

Suyá

brazil, rainforests→ lowlands

vocal music

rattles

Akía

individually owned song

Marimba

unifies, origins from africa

Curralao

Social event for “new relationships”

instruments: marimba, bombos, goblet drums, shakers

accompanies dancing (singer & chorus→call & response)