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Cell

Basic unit of life

Organism

Consists of one or more cells

Biology

Scientific study of life

Nucleic Acids

The coding instructions for all living organisms

Five qualities that constitute life

1. Organization

2. energy use

3. maintenance of internal constancy

4. Reproduction, growth, and development

5. Evolution

How is life organized?

Into a tremendous hierarchical pattern

Atom

Smallest chemical unit of a type of pure substance

Molecule

A group of joined atoms (DNA)

Organelle

Membrane bounded structure that has a specific function in a cell

Cell

The fundamental unit of life

Tissue

A collection of specialized cells that function in a coordinated fashion

Organ

Structure consisting of tissues organized to interact and carry out specific functions

Organ system

Organs connected physically or chemically that function together

Organism

Single living individual/matter

Population

Same species living in the same place and time

Community

All populations that occupy the same region

Ecosystem

Living and non living components

Biosphere

Global ecosystem

Emergent properties

New complex functions that arise at each level of organization

Ex: endothelial cell -\> sheet of endothelial cells -\> capillary to make a tube for transport

Energy from sunlight goes to what?

Producers

Consumers

Eat producers and let off heat

Decomposers

Consumers that gain energy from dead organisms and organic wastes

What is lost every time energy is transferred?

Heat

Homeostasis

Cells or organisms maintaining an equilibrium state

A thermostat changes to keep room in equilibrium

How does Life reproduce, grow and develop?

Asexually and sexually

Asexual

Worms are asexual, cloning yourself

Taxonomy

Naming and classification of organisms

What are the three domains?

Domain bacteria, domain archaea, and domain Eukarya

How does life evolve?

Through mutation and natural selection

Prokaryotic

Lacking of nuclei

Eukaryotic

Containing nuclei

Domain bacteria

No nuclei within cells

Unicellular

Domain archaea

No nuclei

Unicellular

Domain Eukarya

Cells contain nuclei

Both unicellular and multicellular exist

Protista; kingdom animalia; kingdom fungi; kingdom plantae

Protista

Unicellular or multicellular

Autotrophs or heterotrophs

Kingdom Animalia

Multicellular

Heterotrophs (by ingestion)

Kingdom fungi

Mostly multicellular

Heterotrophs (by external digestion)

Kingdom plantae

Multicellular

Autotrophs

What are the four taxonomic groups you need to remember?

Domain, kingdom, genus, species

Scientific method

1. Observations and questions

2. Hypothesis and predictions

3. Data collection and experimentation

4. Analysis and peer review

Experimental designs

Careful plans that attempt to take all variables into account

What are essential to make valid conclusions that are significant?

Controls and statistical analysis

When can broader theories be generated?

Once sufficient statistical significant data is collected

The chemistry of life

The chemistry of life

Matter

Anything composed of elements

Not all elements are living matter

Atom

The smallest unit of an element that retains the characterustics of that element

Element

a fundamental type of substance

Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus

Isotope

Any different forms of the same element distinguished by the number of neutrons in the nucleus

Atomic Mass

The average mass of all the isotopes of an element

Mass Number

The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

How many elements are essential to life?

25

Bulk elements

Make up the vast majority of every living cell

Oxygen; Carbon; Hydrogen; Nitrogen

Trace elements

Sparce

Covalent bond

Two atoms share pairs of electrons

Strong

O--H in water

Metallic Bond

Pull electrons towards the elements (Imagine something like an ocean of positive elements and electrons with the electrons holding everything together)

Ionic bond

One atom donates one or more electrons to another atom, forming oppositely charged ions that attract each other

Weak in water but very strong otherwise

Hydrogen Bond

An atom with partially negative charge attracts with a partial positive. Hydrogen bonds form between adjacent molecules or between different parts of large molecule

Has a weak bond

Molecules and compounds

Not alive but used in maintaining life of organisms

Ethanol

Not a lot of potential energy

Example: beer

Ethylene

Double bond between carbons

More potential energy

Acetylene

Triple bond, a lot of potential energy

Used for welding

Water is essential to life

It is polar and can H-bond

Cohesive

Solvent

Regulates temperature (homeostasis)

Expands as it freezes

Participates in life's chemical reaction

The organic chemistry of life

Carbon based organic molecules are essential to life

Polymers

A chain of monomers

Organic molecules

Polymers of monomer if subunits

Dehydration synthesis

Joins monomers into polymers and outputs water

Hydrolysis

Breaks polymers into monomers by adding water to the polymer

What do living organisms utilize polymers for?

To make complex macromolecules with specialized functions