Mod 2: Volatile Oils

- odorous principle in carious plants
- colorless and photosensitive; light resistant tight container in a cool dry place

volatile oils

- aka ethereal oils, essential oils, essences
- undergoes autooxidation and resinification

volatile oils

plant family where its volatile oils are in glandular hairs or trichomes

lamiaceae (labiatae)

plant family where its volatile oils are in modified parenchymal cells

piperaceae

plant family where its volatile oils are in oil tubes or vittae

apiaceae (umbelliferae)

2 plant families where its volatile oils are in lysigenous and schizogenous passages

pinaceae, rutaceae

its physical characteristics:
- possess characteristic odors
- high refractive index
- optically active
- immiscible in water but can be soluble enough to impart odor in water -> aromatic water

volatile oils

made out of terpenes or phenylpropanoids & mainly collected from distillation of natural sources

volatile oils

undergoes resinification and (-) in grease spot test because it evaporates

volatile oils

made out of triglycerides; esters of long chain faaty acids and glycerol

fixed oils

mainly collected from expression of seeds (or solvent extraction) & undergoes rancidification

fixed oils

can be saponified and (+) in grease spot test

fixed oils

3 methods of obtaining volatile oils

distillation, enzymatic action, expression

this type of distillation is for dry sample (ex. turpentine oil)

water distillation

this type of distillation is for dry sample also; clove and cinnamon oil

water and steam distillation

this type of distillation is for fresh plants like peppermint and spearmint

steam distillation

this type of distillation is for empyreumatic oils & it uses heat without access to air

destructive distillation

the only two families to use destructive distillation

pinaceae and cuppressiaceae

method of obtaining mustard volatile oils

enzymatic action

this expression method is rolling a fruit in a trough line with sharp tiny projections enough to puncture the rind of citrus fruits

ecuelle and piquer

this expression method is flower petals (or small plant part) on a fatty pomade followed by EtOH extraction

enfleurage

solid oxidized hydrocarbon portion of volatile oil

stearoptene

examples of this volatile oil component: menthol, amenthol, thymol

stearoptene

liquid hydrocarbon portion of volatile oil

eleoptenes

examples of this component of volatile oil: methylsalicylate, eucalyptol, eugenol

eleoptenes

its medicinal and commercial use is for fabrication of perfumes

volatile oils

- smell: minute to hour
- most volatile product
- leaves skin readily

top notes

examples of this note: lemon (limonene-most used flavorant), lavender, anise oil

top notes

- smell: 3-6 hours
- intermediate tenacity and volatility

middle notes

examples of this type of note: thyme, neroli, rose oil

middle notes

- smell: long hours
- low volatility and high tenacity
- aka fixatives

base notes

examples of this type of note: musk, civet, ambergris

base notes

dried secretion from the preputial follicles of the male ____ deer of Asia, Moschus spp - muscone

musk

glandular secretion appearing in an outwardly discharging pockets of ____ cat, Paracloxutus hermaphrodites

civet

- most valuable material
- pathologic product formed in stomach of spermwhale when it feeds on squid or cattlefish (ambrein)

ambergris

constituent of volatile oil (natural products whose structure are made up of isoprene units)

terpenes

examples of this type of volatile oil: turpentine oil, peppermint oil

hydrocarbon volatile oils

- Pinus palustris
- contains alpha and beta pinene

turpentine oil

results from reaction of turpentine oil and sodium hydroxide

rectified turpentine

results from reaction of rectified turpentine and nitric acid in the presence of alcohol and is used as an expectorant

terpin hydrate/terpinol

Mentha piperita

peppermint oil

contains menthol which is an antipruritic

peppermint oil

Mentha arvensis

japanese peppermint oil

has high menthol concentration but inferior quality

japanese peppermint oil

this hydrocarbon volatile oil is used as a flavorant, carminative, stimulant, and counterirritant

peppermint oil

examples of this type of volatile oil: cinnamon oil, lemon peel oil, citronella oil, hamamelis oil

aldehyde volatile oil

Cinnamomum loureirii - _______ cinnamon
C. zeylanicum - _______ cinnamon
C. cassia - _________ cinnamon

saigon, ceylon, cassia

contains cinnamaldehyde and is used as flavoring, carminative, antiseptic 

cinnamon oil (or cassia oil)

 rind of the fruit of Citrus limon

lemon peel oil

contains citral and limonene; used as flavorant, stimulant, cathartic

lemon peel oil

leaves of Cymbopogon winterianus

citronella oil

also known as tanglad and is used as insect repellant and perfume

citronella oil

Hamamelis virginiana

hamamelis oil

contains 2-hexanal and is used in hemorrhoidal preparation

hamamelis oil

examples of this type of volatile oil: coriander, cardamom, rose, neroli, juniper, pine

alcohol volatile oil

Coriandrum sativum; linalool

coriander

Elletaria cardamomum; cineole

cardamom oil

Rosa gallica; geraniol, nerol

rose oil

Citrus aurantium; linalool

neroli oil (orange flower oil)

Juniper communis; borneol

juniper oil

Pinus palustris; alpha-terpineol

pine oil

examples of this type of volatile oil: camphot, spearmint, buchu oil, wormwood/quinghaosu, cedar leaf oil, caraway oil

ketone volatile oils

Cinnamomum camphora

camphora

this ketone volatile oil is used as antipruritic, rubefacient, anti-infective and contains carvone

camphor

- Mentha spicata
- (+) carvone has the same odor as caraway

spearmint

Berosma betulina

buchu oil

ketone volatile oil that contains diosphenol and is used as diuretic, for menstrual problems, carminative, antirheumatic

buchu oil

Artemisia annua

wormwood/quinghaosu

this ketone volatile oil is used as anti-malarial due to artemisinin, artenether, artesunate

wormwood/quinghaosu

Thujo occidentalis (Cuppresiaceae)

cedar leaf oil

contains thujone, fenchone & used as counterirritant in Vicks vapor rub

cedar leaf oil

Carum carvi (Apiaceae)

caraway oil

has (+) carvone and is used as flavorant, carminative

caraway oil

examples of this type of volatile oil: clove oil, thyme, creosote oil, juniper tar

phenol volatile oil

Syzygium aromaticum, Eugenia caryophyllus

clove oil

contains eugenol and is used as toothache drops, dental analgesic

clove oil

Thymus vulgaris

thyme

contains thymol and is used as antifungal and antibacterial

thyme

Fagus grandiflorus

creosote oil

component of creosote used as disinfectant ONLY 

creosole

component of creosote oil used as disinfectant in Dewitt's toothache drops, expectorant in Creomulsin

guiacol

Juniper oxycedrus

juniper tar

contains cadinene and used as anti-eczema (Polytar)

juniper tar

example of this type of volatile oil: eucalyptus/cajuput oil

oxide volatile oil

aka cajuput oil because it contains cajuptol

eucalyptus oil

Eucalyptus globulus, Myrtaceae

eucalyptus oil

this oxide volatile oil contains cineole

eucalyptus oil

Gaultheria procumbens, Betula lenta

gaultheria oil/wintergreen oil/betula oil/sweet birch oil/teaberry/checkerberry

its main constituent is methylsalicylate and is used as local irritant, antiseptic, antirheumatic

gaultheria oil/wintergreen oil/betula oil/sweet birch oil/teaberry/checkerberry

Lavandula angustifolia

lavender oil

this ester volatile oil is used in perfumery and aromatherapy

lavender oil

examples of this type of volatile oil: gaultheria/wintergreen/betula/sweet birch oil/teaberry/checkerberry, lavender oil, valerian

ester volatile oil

Valeriana officinalis, sedative

valerian

examples of this type of volatile oil: nutmeg/myristica oil, anise pimpinella, fennel, chinese star anise

phenolic ether volatile oil

dried ripe seed of Myristica fragrans

nutmeg/myristica oil

constituents of this phenolic ether volatile oil are safrole and myristicin

nutmeg/myristica oil

this phenolic volatile oil is used as hallucinogen by prisoners (large amounts)

nutmeg/myristica oil

Pimpinella anisum

anise pimpinella

this phenolic ether volatile oil has anisaldehyde and trans-anethole

anise pimpinella

Foeniculum vulgare

fennel