csd: test #1!

communication

• the process of sharing information between two or more persons

• "the transmission of thoughts or feelings from the mind of a speaker to the mind of the listener" (Borden, Harris, & Raphael)

speech & language disorders

communication disorders are split into what 2 categories?

speech

______ disorders:

• phonology (articulation)

• fluency

• voice

language

______ disorders:

• accompanying other disabilities

• independent of other disabilities

language

• describes the cognitive process by which we formulate ideas and thoughts

• socially shared code that used a conventional system of arbitrary symbols to represent ideas about the world that are meaningful to others

speech

• the neuromuscular process that allows humans to express language as a vocal product

• systems involved: respiration, phonation, & articulation

speech

what are the following systems involved with?

• respiration

• phonation

• articulation

hearing

the perception of sound; audition involves specifically the perception of sound

disorder

• significant difficulties in formulation, transmission, reception, and/or comprehension

• compared to those with same language, dialect, & cultural background

differences

• when an individual's communication pattern differs substantially from those of the persons with whom he or she is communicating

• it is important not to mistake a difference for a DISORDER. An accent or dialect, for example, is simply a difference, not a disorder

difference

is an accent or dialect a difference or a disorder?

audiologists

• measure hearing ability

• identify, assess, manage, & prevent disorders of hearing & balance

• evaluate & assist those with auditory processing disorders (APD)

• select, fit, & dispense hearing aids and other amplification devices

auditory processing disorders

APD

auditory processing disorder (APD)

a neurological defect that affects how the brain processes spoken language. this makes it difficult for the child to process verbal instructions or even to filter out background noise in the classroom

audiologists

where audiologists work:

• educational settings

• clinics & hospitals

• governmental agencies

• industry

independent

audiologists are _________ professionals; no prescription from another healthcare provider is needed

audiologist credentials

• currently: doctorate (AuD)

• after formal training: additional clinical experience & pass a national exam

• ASHA CCC-A (certificate of clinical competence)

• state license

SLPs

• identify, assess, treat, & prevent speech and language disorders (speech, writing, picture, manual...)

• participate in assessment & treatment of swallowing disorders

• modify a regional or foreign dialect

SLPs

where SLPs work:

• school systems (almost half of all SLPs)

• hospitals, clinics

• rehabilitation centers

• nursing homes

independent

SLPs are ________ professionals; no prescription from another healthcare provider is needed

SLP credentials

• master's degree

• after formal training: additional clinical experience & pass national exam

• public school certification

• ASHA CCC-SLP

• state license

speech, language, & hearing scientists

• usually have a doctoral degree

• work in universities, governmental agencies, industry, research centers, & clinics

• extend knowledge of human communication processes & disorders

speech scientists

explore anatomy, physiology, & physics of speech-sound production

language scientists

investigate nature of language disorders in children & adults

hearing scientists

investigate nature of sound, noise & hearing

american speech-language hearing association

ASHA

ASHA

• founded in 1925

• 197,856 members & affiliates

• promotes: scientific study, quality clinical services, high ethical standards, & advocacy for those with communication disorders

ASHA code of ethics

• each professional must achieve & maintain the highest level of professional competence

• professionals must promote understanding & provide accurate information to the public

• professionals are responsible for assuring that ethical standards are maintained

professional competence

each professional must achieve & maintain the highest level of ____________ ____________

promote

professionals must ___________ understanding & provide accurate information to the public

ethical standards

professionals are responsible for assuring that ___________ ____________ are maintained

language impairment

• heterogeneous group

• developmental and/or acquired disorders and/or delays

• affects spoken and/or written language in comprehension and/or production

• NOT a language difference

prevalence & incidence

• about 15% of toddlers are late talkers

• primary language impairment affects about 7-10% of children over the age of 5

• about 1 in 1,000 children exhibit mild to severe intellectual disability as a result of down syndrome

• about 1 in 400 children exhibit autism or an autism spectrum disorder (1 in 44 children)

15

about ____% of toddlers are late talkers

7-10

primary language impairment affects about ____% of children over the age of 5

1000

about 1 in _______ children exhibit mild to severe intellectual disability as a result of down syndrome

400

about 1 in _____ children exhibit autism or an autism spectrum disorder (1 in 44 children)

etiology, manifestation, severity

how are language disorders classified?

etiology

refers to cause (of language disorders)

primary disorder

occurs in absence of any other disability (ex. specific language disability)

secondary disorder

occurs in result of another disability (ex. intellectual disability or autism)

developmental disorder

a disorder present from birth ex. ADHD, dyslexia

acquired disorder

an acquired disorder sometime after birth ex. car accident causing memory loss

manifestation

• comprehension & expression

• specific expressive language disorder (SELD)

• mixed receptive-expressive disorder

• form, content & use

severity

variations in ________ of language disorders

• mild

• moderate

• severe

• profound

intellectual disability (ID)

mental retardation is now called

intellectual disability

characterized by:

• substantial limitations in intellectual functioning

• significant limitations in adaptive behavior

• originates before age 18 severity based on IQ, ranges from mild to profound

learning disabilities

• heterogeneous

• difficulties in acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematics

• 3% of all individuals have them, but severity varies widely

3%

what percent of individuals have learning disabilities?

language-learning disability

primarily difficulty learning & using symbols

• affects males more than females

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

• underlying neurological impairment in executive functioning that regulates behavior

• ex. planning or organizing

learning disability

dyslexia is a type of ___________ ___________

dyslexia

• difficulty reading or producing written symbols

• as many as 80% of those with LD have some form of reading problem

development language disorders

another name for specific language impairment (SLI)

specific language impairment (or DLD)

significant impairment in language functioning

specific language impairment (or DLD)

• characterized by the absence of all other possible disorders

• language performance significantly lower than intellectual performance

• more males than females have this

specific language impairment (or DLD)

• preschoolers are often viewed negatively by peers

• poor social skills

• many are later identified as having LD

• many adolescents with this view themselves negatively and are less independent

pervasive developmental disorders

another phrase for autism spectrum disorders

autism spectrum disorder

ASD

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

• usually identified by 2-3 years

• abnormal functioning in social interaction, communication, & behavior

• failure to meet developmental milestones may indicate need for evaluation

• may live independently & hold a job

autism spectrum disorder

abnormal functioning in social interaction, communication, and behavior

developmental milestones

failure to meet __________ ___________ may indicate need for evaluation

communication problems

one of the first indicators that someone might be nonverbal, lack typical prosody, and/or demonstrate echolalia

communication

______________ problems indicate that a person might:

• be nonverbal

• lack typical prosody

• demonstrate echolalia

echolalia

repeating noises and phrases that they hear

prosody

the patterns of rhythm and sound used in poetry

neglect and abuse

_______ & _________:

• 9 per 1000 children in the US

• 3x more in 0-3 years than 16-17 years

9

neglect and abuse are found in _____ per 1000 children in the US

3

neglect and abuse are _____ times more likely in 0-3 year olds than 16-17 year olds

caregiver attachment

another name for child mother attachment

language

child mother (or caregiver) attachment is significant in _________ development

lifespan issues

neglect & abuse:

• possible recurring physical, psychological & emotional problems

report (to supervisor or child help hotline)

what should an SLP do if they find a child has been abused or neglected?

pragmatics

the most affected language area

pragmatics

• less talkative with fewer conversational skills

• less likely to volunteer information

• shorter & less complex utterances

pragmatics

use of appropriate communication in social settings (knowing what to say, how to say it, and when to say it)

fetal alchohol syndrome

FAS

fetal alcohol syndrome

exposure to alcohol during embryonic development

fetal alcohol syndrome

• low birth weight, central nervous system dysfunction, growth deficiency, dysmorphic features

• demonstrate hyperactivity, motor problems, attention deficits, cognitive disabilities

• mean IQ is in borderline ID/MR range *exposure to alcohol during embryonic development

drug-exposed children

-Low birth weight and small head circumference -Jittery and irritable

fetal alcohol syndrome/drug dependent children

the most common preventable cause of mental disorders

neuroscience; neuroanatomy

knowledge of ______________ and _____________ is important bc it helps to:

• better understand & identify the neurological causes of communication disorders

• recognize signs & symptoms associated w/specific neurological pathologies

• find solutions to neurological problems, resulting in improved interventions for children & adults

central nervous system

includes brain & spinal cord

brain; spinal cord

central nervous system includes _________ & __________

central nervous system; peripheral nervous system

2 parts of the nervous system

peripheral nervous system

associated nerves to innervate the rest of the body

neurons

• basic unit of the nervous system

• the brain consists of billions of neurons

brain

consists of billions of neurons

neuron

axon, dendrite, cell body

dendrite

receives stimulation, meaning that they bring nerve impulses into the body

bringing; into

dendrites receive stimulating, _______ nerve impulses _____ the body

axon

conducts electrical impulses away, meaning that they take nerve impulses away from the cell body

away

axon conducts electrical impulses ________, meaning that they take nerve impulses _______ from the cell body

synapse

the space where two neurons meet

neurotransmitters

chemical agents that help to carry information across the synaptic cleft

dopamine

example of a neurotransmitter

central nervous system (CNS)

• carries sensory information from the body to the brain via afferent pathways

• carries motor commands from the brain to the rest of the body via efferent pathways

sensory; motor

the central nervous system carries ______ information from the body to the brain via afferent pathways & carries _________ commands from the brain to the rest of the body via efferent pathways

brain

damage to the _________ can:

• affect cognitive acts, such as rationality & thoughtful problem solving

• alter a person's personality

spinal cord

damage to the __________ can:

• severely restrict a person's ability to perform functions such as breathing, swallowing, and walking