HUSH MIDTERM

Problems faced by industrial workers

Harsh conditions, low salary, long work days

Railroad's importance

Transport goods between factories efficiently, connect the west to the east, allows consumer goods to reach the entire nation. Created the stock market, and Monopolies, which made the Industrial Revolution important

Mass production

Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply

interchangeable parts

Identical pieces that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers. Made the Industrial Revolution and the assembly lines possible.

Inner city industrial era problems

Growing population without available housing, sanitary issues, violent crime increase, no fire/police/trash force, no plumbing, drug and alcohol use

Political issues 1865-1885

Inflation, deflation, government corruption/ honest graft, inner city problems, spoils system

"Politics of Musical Chairs"

Govt. switches between Republicans and Democrats ever term, and the govt. in place would repeal everything the other party did and put in place their policies.

Sitting on the fence

politicians in the industrial era do not take a stance on industrial problems not already decided in order not to divide bases. Leaving many issues to go unresolved.

Solid South

From the 1870s until the 1950s, the South would generally solidly vote Democrat

Black disenfranchisement

Constitutional Laws enacted by southern states to keep African-Americans at a disadvantage after they were freed from slavery. These include the Jim Crow laws: poll tax, a tax on people without land, which would be all blacks since they were just slaves, grandfather clause, if their grandfather didn't vote, they couldn't either, and their grandfathers were slaves, literacy test, impossible to pass.

Laissez faire government

little or no regulation of the economy, believing that it will always balance itself out

The money supply issue

Businesses wanted deflation by the Gold Standard, because they would make more money from people paying off loans. Farmers and laborers want inflation from the printing of greenbacks or silverbacks so their paying off loans would be worth less. This led to cycles of immense inflation from greenbacks followed by immense deflation from the Gold Standard and eventually led to the Great Depression of 1893-1897

Crime of 1873

A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the U.S. Treasury to cease minting silver dollars, retire Civil War-era greenbacks, and replace them with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks. Eliminated greenbacks from circulation

Bland-Allison act

A law passed by Democrats in 1878, in response to the Crime of 1873, that added 4 million dollars of silver back money into circulation a month. The Second one put in 16 million silver backs.

Spoils system

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends. Created govt corruption and unqualified people in govt.

Pendleton Act

A law that reformed the spoils system that required qualifications to get a bureaucratic job. It also barred people with civil service jobs from donating to campaigns. Implemented after the assassination of James Garfield because the killer didn't get the position after donating.

Who was for and against Industrial era tariffs

Democrats want less tariffs because they allow farmers to trade with other nations and drive prices down. Republicans want tariffs because they drive prices up.

McKinley Tariff

1890-Protective tariff which raised the tax on foreign products to a peacetime high of over 98%

Jim Crow laws

Laws that limited the rights of African Americans in the South to preserve segregation

Plessy v. Ferguson

Homer Plessy was 1/216th black, so he was technically black. However, he looked white, and rode on the white car of a train to Chicago. He tried to get arrested a bring a case to the court. The court ruled that the separation of train cars did not violate the 14th amendment as long as there were two cars provided. This was called separate but equal. Thus, this ruling legalized segregation

Populists

A political party in the 1890s that represented the laborer and farmer. They wanted a mininum wage, the abolition of national banks, income tax, increased silverbacks, state laws passed by referendum, and an 8 hour workday.

Jacob Coxey

Populist advocate who led a march in 1893 to get the government to create jobs. FDR adopted his ideas. Marched in favor of greenbacks in the economy, and for the government to put people to work.

Free coinage of silver

The Populists wanted to do this in addition to backing money with gold in order to cause inflation which would help the farmers pay off their debts.

William Jennings Bryan

Populist leader. Gave Cross of Gold speech, which compared the gold standard to Jesus' crucifixion. Advocate for silver coinage. Ran 2 different times for two different parties failed both times.

Alfred Mahan

He believed that the future of military power lay in the navy. Wrote Influence of Seapower on History. Influenced US imperialism. Believed we needed to be an empire is to have a strong powerful navy and the only way to do that is have islands under our control for naval bases.

Josiah Strong

author of Our Country, a popular American minister in the late 1800s who believed that Americans were the best and we need to spread our ideals. Lead to imperialism

Cuban Revolution

Cubans were rebelling against Spain. Newspapers published sensationalized stories about the Cubans revolution causing the public to want to help them rebel against Spain. They also circulated a false story about a warship being blown up by Spain, fueling US declaring war. US eventually won and Cuba became independent, with the US getting some benefits. The start of the Spanish War

Yellow journalism

Journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration. That makes you pick up the newspaper. Clickbait before the internet.

The USS Maine

Battleship that exploded in 1898 and led to US to declare war on Spain. Exploded because of the US sailors, but newspapers said that the Spanish blew it up.

Spanish American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Spanish American War Treaty

Cuba was its own independent nation. US owned Cuban trade rights and could build a naval base there. US also purchased the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico for 20 million dollars.

Platt Amendment

Amendment to the Treaty with Cuba that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble. They cannot trade with anyone without our consent, they cannot borrow money from anyone without consent. Allows us to operate a naval base.

Panama Canal

A canal the US built in Panama to allow for easier trade from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean

Progressivism

A demand for reform in the early 20th century. The members pushed for 8 hour work day, Women's rights to vote, better banking system, minimum wage, no child labor, and better working conditions. In favor of trust busting: break up monopolies. WWI brings the changes they wanted

Muckrakers

Investigative journalists in the early 20th century that exposed corporation and government corruption as well as yellow journalism. Very careful in their research and truthful even though they might seem unbelievable. Ida wells and Ida Tarbell are the most popular

"Wisconsin Idea"

Governor Robert LaFollette in Wisconsin's idea to have direct primaries to see who runs for office in a party. To have people vote for who they want.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

(1911) 146 women killed while locked into the burning building (brought attention to poor working conditions). Led to many labor reforms

Lochner v New York

Supreme court case that declared an 8 hour work day unconstitutional for bakers because in inhibited their ability to sell baked goods.

Muller v Oregon

Ruled that women can't work over 8 hours and that they should work for 6 max because they have children to tend to. This established the fact that women are meant to be wifes.

Teddy Roosevelt

Anti-corporation pro-America president from 1904-1908. He busted up corporations and strengthens the central govt.

Progressive Party

Teddy Roosevelt's party that advocated for New Nationalism, or the country above all.

Woodrow Wilson

Won election of 1912 and served from 1912-1920. He wanted New Freedom, or reform without large central govt.

Great War

World War I

How did Nationalism lead to WW1?

European countries believed that their race/culture was superior and that caused tensions between countries

How did Militarism lead to WW1?

European nations built up their military in an arms race to protect colonies and showcase nationalism and thus had plenty of military weapons and troops ready for a destructive war

How did Imperialism lead to World War 1?

The borders of colonies between Imperialist European countries in Africa and Asia were disputed and caused tensions between all of the Imperialist countries

How did Alliance systems lead to World War 1?

The Triple Alliance and Triple Entente ensured that a war between any of the European powers would become a globalized world war. Because of the alliances, Russia backing Austro-Hungarian rebels led to Germany, Britain, France, and Italy jumping into a war.

Triple Alliance v. Triple Entente

Triple alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Triple Entente: France, Britain, Russia

Central Powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire

Allied Powers

Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, and later the US

What sparked WWI

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princep

US Neutrality WW1

Used to Monroe Doctrine to say that they wouldn't be involved in the war unless it involved the Western hemisphere. Picking a side in the war would likely cause chaos in the US because 1/3 of Americans were from a central power country, and many others were from Great Britain. Still traded war supplies to Europe, mostly UK and France

Shell Shock

A complete mental breakdown as a result from trench warfare

Reasons US got involved in WWI

The German naval warfare that kept affecting US ships trading with UK, the Zimmerman telegram, anti-German propaganda, and Woodrow Wilson's ideology about freedom

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Zimmerman Note

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted by US and decoded by UK.

War Industries Board

Government agency created during WWI to oversee production/distribution of goods for war

US Food Administration

Administration under the WIB (War Industries Board) that oversaw manufacturing/distribution of food businesses. Created meatless Monday and victory garden to encourage Americans to ration for the war

Changes to labor force during WWI

Open factory jobs allowed African-Americans and women to work in factories at decent wages.

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Espionage Act

1917 law that banned interfering with recruitment of soldiers and any anti-war activities

Sedition Act

1918 law that made it illegal to criticize the government, army, any laws, or the war effort

Red Scare

two periods of time, in the 1920s and 1950s, in which Americans feared the growth of communism. These suspicions led to tests of the civil liberties of people under the Constitution. First time was when Russia fell to Communism in the 1920s and the second time was in the Cold War when the USSR was trying to expand itself, and people thought that spies infiltrated the U.S.

Schenk v. US (1919)

Challenged the Sedition Act. Ruled Sedition Act constitutional because freedom of speech is not unlimited. It said that the government could limit you if you posed clear and present danger. Sedition Act was repealed by the time it reached Supreme Court

14 point plan

Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace following WWI that advocated for no reparations, open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, free trade, self determination of countries, and the League of Nations

Treaty Of Versailles

blamed Germany for WWI, forced Germany to pay reparations, took land away from Germany, demilitarized Germany, gave France control of its Industrial territory

Big Four

Woodrow Wilson (US president), Georges Clemenceau (french premier), David Lloyd George (british prime minister), Vittorio Orlando (italian prime minister)

Effects of WWI

Changed European borders, destroyed European economy, boosted US economy, gave way to WWII in 25 years

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations. US did not join

Henry Ford - Model T

Ford created the Model T, boom in economy because of cars and the assembly line. Cars became a staple product for Americans

Scopes Monkey Trial

1925 court case in Tennessee that focused on the issue of teaching evolution in public schools. William Jennings Bryan was the lawyer against the teacher

Harlem Renaissance

A literary and artistic movement celebrating African-American culture, especially jazz, in the 1920s.

Radio

Became a household staple during the 1920s. Relayed entertainment and news.

Al Capone

Gang leader in Chicago that sold alcohol during prohibition. He was beloved in the 1920s despite the fact that he eliminated his enemies but by the 1930s the public turned on him because he was rich while they were poor. He was arrested for tax evasion because they couldn't legally catch him for any other crimes. People wanted to be robber barons afterwards

FDR

Roosevelt, the President of the United States during the Depression and WWII. He instituted the New Deal. Served from 1933 to 1945, he was the only president in U.S. history to be elected to four terms

Great Depression Causes

Laissez faire Economics, Farming Problems (Dust Bowl and Mississippi River Flood of 1927), WWI (Europe was devastated from it and there were no consumers there for US products), Labor Saving machinery, Wealth Gap, Unhealthy spending practices (Excessive loans, buying on credit, invest in risky stocks), Hoarding money (Post crash)

Speculation

An involvement in risky business transactions in an effort to make a quick or large profit. Purposely investing in a risky stock

Herbert Hoover

President during the stock market crash of 1929. Gave aid to states and built the Hoover Dam but did not do enough to fix economy because he was a believer in laissez Faire economics. He got a lot of hate because of the Bonus March

Number of unemployed at height of depression

14-16 million people. 25% of population

Bonus March

Event when nearly 17,000 veterans marched on Washington in 1932, to demand the military bonuses that they had been promised; this group was eventually driven from their camp city by the U.S army; increased the public perception that the Hoover administration cared little about the poor.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Relief, recovery, Reform

Three components of the New Deal. The first "R" was the effort to help the one-third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression, & included social security and unemployment insurance. The second "R" was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health, achieved by 1937. Finally, the third "R" let government intervention stabilize the economy by balancing the interests of farmers, business and labor. There was no major anti-trust program.

Differences between FDR and Hoover

FDR intervened the govt. into the economy to fix the depression while Hoover thought that doing as little as possible was the best way to end the depression. Hoover had a rugged personality and came from poverty while FDR was born into a wealthy, well-known family and had a warmer personality. Leis-Fair vs Keynesianism

New Deal critics

American Liberty League- thought New Deal was taking away liberty

Father Coughlin- Thought FDR wasn't harsh enough on banks

Francis Townsend- Proposed the Townsend Plan- (Everyone over 60 gets 200$ a month from govt. paid by sales tax

Huey Long- Champion of poor. Proposed "Share Our Wealth" (100% income tax on money over 1 million)

island Hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others in order to quickly get to mainland Japan

Atomic bomb

bomb dropped by an American bomber on Hiroshima and Nagasaki destroying both cities, which led to Japan surrendering

Japanese Internment

Japanese and Japanese Americans were placed in camps beginning in 1942

Effects of WWII on labor force

Women worked in factories to help for the work effort since all of the men were fighting. It helped the depression by giving many people jobs

Harry S. Truman

President from 1945-1953. Became president when FDR died. Had no foreign affairs experience. Dealt with the end of WWII and the Cold War

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII

Iron curtain

Political barrier between democratic countries and communist countries in Europe during the Cold War

Cold War

Ideological battle between the economic and political structures of the USSR and the US. Communism vs. capitalism. Democracy vs. Totalitarianism. Lasted from 1946-1991

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister (PM) Winston Churchill, and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war division of Germany and Berlin

United Nations

International peace organization with a military. Founded after WWII. Had security council with members from US, UK, France, USSR, and China

Levittown

In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in suburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII.

Containment

American policy during the Cold War that stated that they will not let any democratic country become communist, but any preexisting communist countries they will not try to make democratic.