Personality Psych

id

unconscious, most primitive reactions of human personality, operates according to pleasure principle

ego

preconscious and conscious, compromise between id and superego, tries to reconcile id's blind pleasure striving with demands of reality, operates according to reality principle (external reality and internal urges taken into account when acting)

superego

all 3 levels of consciousness, represents internalized moral rules of society, controls ego by punishment of guilt

defense mechanism

an unconscious process that tries to reduce the anxiety associated with instinctive desires

denial

ignores reality of situation

intellectualization

using reasoning to block out emotional stress and conflict

reaction formation

forbidden impulse is turned into its opposite

rationalization

unacceptable thoughts/impulses are reinterpreted in more acceptable terms

projection

various forbidden thoughts and impulses are attributed to another person rather than self

displacement

individual transferring negative feelings from one person/thing to another

sublimation

people deal with socially unacceptable impulses/feelings/ideas in socially acceptable ways

isolation

keeping unwelcome thoughts and feelings from forming associative links with other thoughts and feelings

undoing

avoid conscious awareness of disturbing impulses by thinking/acting to revert those impulses

repression

thoughts/impulses/memories that give rise to anxiety are pushed out of consciousness

stages of psychosexual development

oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage

oral stage

- 0-1yrs
- pleasure from sucking/eating/chewing
- dependent on caretaker for satisfaction

anal stage

- 18mo-3yrs
- potty training, learning independences

phallic stage

- 3-5yrs
- sexuality and genitals
- Oedipus complex
- Electra complex
- penis envy

latency stage

- 6-12yrs
- puberty
psychological rest
developing new skills and defense mechanisms

genital stage

- adolescence and adulthood
- no conflict
- ready to find a partner
- ability to confront other stages

penis envy

wish for penis assumed to ensue normally in females as part of Electra complex

Oedipus complex

a complex of males; desire to possess the mother sexually and to exclude the father

Electra complex

a complex of females; sexual attraction to the father

Freudian slip

verbal or memory mistake linked to unconscious mind, supposedly reveal secret thoughts/feelings held in unconscious

3 levels of awareness

- conscious level: thoughts aware of at any moment
- preconscious level: contents we can be aware of if attended to
- unconscious level: contents we are unware of and can't be aware of unless under special circumstances

3 types of anxiety

- reality anxiety: anxious about reality
- moral anxiety: fear of violating social norms
- neurotic anxiety: unconscious fear id impulses will get out of control

classical conditioning

passive conditioning in which reactions can be acquired by associating one stimulus with another
- US > UR
- CS + US (repeatedly) > CR

generalization

responding similarly to similar but not identical stimuli

discrimination

responding differently to different stimuli

extinction

CR weakens when CS appears repeatedly without US, doesn't disappear

high order conditioning

neutral stimulus paired with conditioned stimulus to create another conditioned stimulus

emotional conditioning

classical conditioning in which CR is emotional reaction

operant conditioning

active conditioning, events that define it begin with behavior

reinforcement

better state of affairs that strengthen tendency to do the act that preceded it

primary reinforcer

diminishes biological need

secondary reinforcer

diminishes a non biological need

positive reinforcement

reward, adding something good

negative reinforcement

something unpleasant is removed

generalized reinforcer

secondary reinforcer that can be paired with more than one primary reinforcer

punishment

worse state of affairs, less likely to do the act that preceded it

positive punishment

adding something negative

negative punishment

taking away something positive

discriminative stimulus

stimulus that turns behavior on and off

continuous reinforcement

behavior is followed by reinforcer every time

partial reinforcement

behavior is followed by reinforcer some of the time

interval partial reinforcement

time waited in between behavior and reinforcement

ratio partial reinforcement

reinforcement occurs every "x" times behavior occurs

fixed partial reinforcement

can be applied to interval or ratio, regular reinforcement (every 3 minutes, every 3 times)

variable partial reinforcement

can be applied to interval or ratio, variant reinforcement

ABC (conditioning)

antecedent: action/circumstance that leads to behavior
behavior: response to antecedent
consequence: response to behavior

ABA (conditioning)

behavior is baseline
intervention occurs
check to see if baseline returned or behavior changed

phenomenological theory (rogers)

emphasizes individual's subjective experience

self concept

organized and consistent pattern of perceptions possessed by the individual

ideal self

pattern of perceptions of an ideal self an individual would like to be

self actualization

forward-looking tendency toward personality growth

self consistency

organism doesn't seek pleasure but to maintain its own self structure- actions are in line with personality

self congruence

you experience yourself in line with yourself

subception

being aware of an experience that is discrepant with self-concept before it reaches consciousness

rogers' defensive processes

distorting meaning of experience, denial of existence of experience

child development's need for positive regard

basic psychological need, if not given in childhood, child develops conditions of worth and will cope with defensive processes

conditions of worth

child is made to feel like a worthy individual only if they are a certain way, child then needs to balance natural tendencies with need for positive regard

social cognitive theory

people can learn by observing behavior of others

imitation

learning small action (ex. pick up toy, put in box)

modelling

learning general set of rules (ex. clean up toy room)

identification

learning pattern of behavior (ex. clean up room when dirty)

acquisition

behavior can be acquired regardless of reinforcers

performance

whether behavior is performed depends on rewards/punishments and likeness of model

vicarious conditioning

learning emotional reactions through observing others

4 personality variables

competencies and skills, expectancies and beliefs, behavioral standards, personal goals

competencies and skills

acquired skills through modelling, context specific

expectancies and beliefs

beliefs: what the world is like
expectancies: what future will be like in regards of consequences (internal or external) of our actions

behavioral standards

judging worlds behavior and reactions gotten from judging

personal goals

mental representation of what you want to achieve in the future
self efficacy: what you believe you can achieve
human agency: self regulate and self reflect

incremental theory

intelligence is malleable

entity theory

intelligence is fixed

psychometrics

measurement of psychological functions and processes, used in intelligence testing

galton

theorized intelligence has to do with heredity

binet (and stern)

founder of intelligence testing and the Intelligence Quotient (IQ), along with Binet-Simon Scale of Intelligence or Stanford-Binet Test

spearman

proposed general intelligence theory (g)

thurstone

proposed multifactor theory of intelligence

cattell

proposed 2 factor theory, which split g into 2 factors

guilford

proposed that there are 120 elementary abilities, organized into 3 dimensions (operations, contents, products)

vernon

proposed hierarchal theory of intelligence

carroll

proposed 3-stratum model of cognitive ability

gardner

challenged the singular intellectual dimension, proposed multiple intelligences theory

sternberg

proposed triarchic theory of intelligence

binet-simon scale of intelligence

30 daily tasks to indicate mental age in children

general intelligence theory

mental energy proposed by each person, underlying intercorrelated human intelligent behaviors

positive manifold

intercorrelated intelligence (scoring high in one aspect will lead to scoring high in another)

multifactor theory of intelligence

instead of g, there are 7 factors called "primary mental abilities" that estimate intelligence

2 factor theory of intelligence

splits g into 2 factors:
crystallized intelligence (gc): factual knowledge from school and life, accumulative
fluid intelligence (gf): ability to see relationships between ideas and objects, solve novel problems through reasoning

guilford's 3 dimensions

operations: type of mental processing
contents: materials being processed
products: how info is stored/processed

vernon's hierarchal theory of intelligence

intelligence can be organized into hierarchy
top: general ability
major group factors (broad ability)
minor group factors (narrow ability)

3-stratum model of cognitive ability

mental abilities organized into not rigidly defined strata

cattell-horn-carrol model

signle factor g on top (stratum 3), broad abilities (stratum 2), narrow abilities (stratum 1)

multiple intelligences theory

mind is comprised of 7+ intelligences independent of each other

triarchic theory of intelligence

analytical, creative, and practical intelligence

flynn effect

average human IQ has increased over time, assuming IQ tests are accurate representation of intelligence

flynn effect's influencing factors

education change, access to information, exposure to complex tasks, health and nutrition

disposition

description of what people tend to do, enduring and distinctive