history unit 1

pastoral-nomads

tribes who moved with food sources, natural barriers, climate, etc.

traveled around instead of being settled

paleolithic

old stone age (dawn - 10,000 BC)

neolithic

new stone age (10,000 BC - ~3000 BC)

the agricultural revolution

separates old stone age and new stone age

domesticated animals

settled in villages

food security

Jericho

oldest continuing human settlement

located in the west bank (contest region of Israel and Palestine)

had defensive walls to protect against raids

metallurgy

creating metal from the ore of rocks

the bronze age

started bc of metallurgy (3,000-1200 BC)

surplus

an excess of what you need

specialization of labor

enabled by surplus

i.e. artisans, metal-workers, merchants, gov officials, builders, priests, soldiers, scribes

social stratification

leads to hierarchy

usually tied to socioeconomic status

gender hierarchy

woman respected in the Paleolithic period bc they could give birth

ox-drawn cart forced women in to household roles

hydraulic society

societies that rely on irrigation agriculture

archimedean screw, the ashaduf, qanat → tools used to help with agriculture

have a strong history of social hierarchy

needed constant supervision

mesopotamia

the land between the two rivers

between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

had very warlike city states

sumer

the first civilization in mesopotamia

the ziggurat

big temple to the gods

expression of the rulers power

only the priest-king could go to the top

cuneiform

first writing system

used for records and propoganda

starting of libraries → showed rulers power

uppper egypt

in the south (based on the nile)

lower egypt

in the north (based on the nile)

heirogliphics

egyptian writing system

women in egypt

could own property, inherit, divorce, and had a better situation than women in other empires

pharaoh

title of the egyptian ruler

menes/narmer

first ruler of unified egypt

double crown had the crown of upper and lower egypt

khufu

built the largest pyramid

had a boat with treasures put into his tomb

(~3000 BC)

pyramids

showed the power of the rulers

showed stability

valley of the kings

burial sites for kings of the new kingdom

kings built whole cities to honor them

ra

egyptian sun god

chief god

horus

the son of Ra

wore the double crown

pharaohs were believed to be his incarnation

osiris

god of life and death

god of the nile

green bc of agriculture

pharaohs became him in the afterlife

the book of the dead

written to help people get to the afterlife

hatshepsut

originally ruled as a regent through her son

tried to legitimize her rule by portraying herself as male

cleopatra

last ruler of egypt

last of the greek dynasty founded by ptolemy

empire

a state governing multiple groups

group ruling is the one who is conquering

not democratic

very war-like

centralized

shahinshah

persian name of the ruler

translated as “king of kings”

religion

used to manipulate peasants

made the emperor out to be a representative of god

triumphal architecture

helped manipulate peasants

made the ruler seem larger than life

sargon of akkad

the worlds first emperor

created the mesopotamian empire

hammurabi 1

founded the babylonian empire

created hammurabi’s code

hammurabi’s code

propoganda that the laws are divinely ordained

used to legitimize his law and rule

had dif punishments for commoners and nobility

shamash

babylonian god of the sun

nebuchadnezzar

built the city of babylon

built the hanging gardens of babylon

monotheism

belief in one god

polytheism

belief in multiple gods

omnipotent

all powerful

omniscient

all knowing

omnipresent

always there

humanism

an attitude that is interested in humanity

gods look human

love and study of the human body

greek civilization

maritime based

no major river

not a hydraulic society → still had a strict social hierarchy

civic identity

pride in the place that you are from

a willingness to participate in your duties

a common set of values

polis

city-state

city-states

have different forms of government

defined by their governments

fought against each other

hellas

common civilization

persian invasion

city-states formed a defensive alliance against foreigners

thermopylae

strategic path against the persians

spartans sacrificed themselves to give the other city states time

sparta

most war-like of the city states

all male citizens were raised to be soldiers

women were respected as the mothers of warriors

engaged in the pelopennesian wars against athens

athens

golden age of democracy

direct democracy

pericles

served as the strategos (military goverrner)

made government offices paid offices

ostrakon

ostracization (held people of power in check)

ecclesia

council of people gathered to make decisions

philosophy

love of wisdom

uncover truths and principles underlying the very nature of our own existence

governments distrust philosophers

socrates

developed the socratic method

executed by athenian government

plato’s teacher

plato

very influential

argued that what we see is incomplete

thought that there is some greater truth that only few people can see

anti-democracy and jaded bc of socrates’ death

plato on democracy

thought that gov should be a regimented society

philosophers would be ruler

warriors would be tier number 2

everyone else was tier number 3

aristotle

believed that the nature of things is what you see

thought that there were three ideal forms of gov:

monarchy (ruled by one)

aristocracy (ruled by nobles)

most in favor of a constitutional government

strong advocate of the polis

pankration

greek form of wrestling

winner got olive oil

alexander the great

came from macedon

conquered the entire persian empire

conquered parts of india and egypt

greek empire was split into parts after his death

mauryan empire

founded by ashoka

successor chandra gupta removed the greeks

the hellenistic world

the spreading of greek culture through conquests

also absorbed the culture of places they conquered through increased trade

the great silk road

a highway of trade across asia

started bc of the hellenisti world

traded ideas of religion

the axial age

trading of religious ideas across the world

greek philosophers, confucious, and the vedas being compiled at the same time

all have similar thoughts about higher truths

consuls

two leaders who are elected

senate

served for life but were elected

patricians

rich nobles

plebians

working class

the punic wars

three wars that rome fought with the carthaginians

hannibal

punic leader

went on a larg march to attack the romans from behind

used war elephants to get through the alps

scipio

roman general

sailed to carthage and attacked there

ended the punic wars

tiberius and gaius gracchus

tried to redistribute land so that plebians could own land

murdered by the patricians

the first triumvirate

(59 BC)

julius caesar, gaius pompey, and crassus

crassus dies, pompey is murdered, caesar makes himself consul for life

julius caesar

conquered Gaul, went on to Britannia

“veni, vidi, vici” - i came, i saw, i conquered

killed on the ides of march by brutus

the second triumvirate

octavian, marc anthony, and lepidus

lepidus is kicked out, marc anthony teams up with cleopatra to beat octavian, octavian lays the foundations for the empire

octavian/augustus caesar

was pictured with cupid to claim his divine ascent from aphrodite

princeps

the first citizen

primus intra pares

first among equals

the praetorian guard

augustus caesar’s guards

the Julio Claudians

the first imperial dynasty

started by octavian appointing tiberius as his successor

pax romana

the roman peace

created by the start of the empire

nero

the last of the julio claudians

persecuted christians

blamed christians for the fire in 64 AD

“he fiddled while rome burned”

trajan

empire associated with romes height of power in 117 AD

built trajan’s column

hadrian

built hadrian’s wall

hadrian’s wall is between scottland and england

latin west

roman culture

greco-roman gods

greek east

greece, turkey, the near east

mystery religions

start in the greek east

worship the earth mother

promise secret knowledge, salvation, and entrance to the higher world

jesus of nazareth

carpenter

preached the words of god

said people had to give up everything to go to heaven

breaks from judaism and states that its more important to be a good person

christ

jesus of nazareth is crucified by the romans

christians believed that he suffered on the cross for humanity’s sins

crucification

romans used it as a plitical punishment

makes a statement

st. paul

jewish-roman citizen

spread the message of christianity to non-jews

earliest christian sources are his letters

epistles

st. paul’s letters

instructions for how christian communities should conduct their affairs

the old testament

hebrew bible

the new testament

epistles of paul and the gospels

first written in greek → then spread to the latin west

the gospels

jesus’ original 12 followers

four canonically accepted gospels: luke, matthew, mark, john