ENSC 100W Quiz #1

What do engineers do?

• creation/invention/research

• optimization/ performance

• improve efficiency

Grading scheme for deliverables

• both quizzes (12.5 % each)

• project (25%)

• participation (10%)

• persuasive paper (40%)

Engineer vs scientist definitions

• scientist: latin “scio”, to know, one who knows, one who is concerend with the discovery of truth

• engineer": one who contrives, designs or invents; a plotter; a layer of snares

Design project constratints (must be):

• safe

• built to scale

• have quantifiable outcome (measure something)

• working

“You were born with two ears and one mouth for a reason”

• Epicatetus, 55 AD

True or false: must think in terms of a solution

FLASE!!!!

Analysis vs. Investigation vs. design

• analysis: study/observe

• investigation: inquire

• design: sythesis

Examples of conceptual design

• writing a thesis/ persuasive paper

• developing a new care

• choreographing a dance

• fixing a wobbly table

• making a patchwork quilt

• designing a building

• designing a circuit

open ended vs. real worldvs engineering knowledge/skill problems

Open ended: create art sculpture, orientation password, remove impurities from water

real world: predict outcome of election, calculate mac power consumption, oreintation poster, remove impurities from water

engineering: calculate max power, remove impurities from water

science vs. engineering thought process

Science: looks at what is and asks why; universe is in state x, what happens next? (G.B Shaw, Back to Methuselah)

Engineering: dreams of what has never been, and asks “why not?”; if i want the universe to be in state x, what nust happen first? (Ross TenEyck)

Functional Requirement

what the device has to do

design parameters

what you can vary to meet the requirements

constraints

restrictions on the solutions

Design stages

Conceptual

Configuration

Detail Design

Objective function

overall goodness of the design

Oregon State University 1987: “Design a mechanism to dip first one, then the other, end of a rectangular bar into a chemical solution”

• Expected result: designers will try several initial approaches, and eventually select one for further development

• actual result: each designer quickly adopts a particular approach and sticks to it stubbornly

Chanderasekaran’s 3 classes of conceptual design

• Class 1 Design: requirements ill-defined, no acceptable solution method, success leads to major new invention (ex: manhattan project, thesis, open ended)

• Class 2 Design: basic structure of artifact is known, but some major components are novel (intel based mac)

• Class 3 Design: Well-defined procedures for working through each part of the problem and criteria for success are clear and quantitative (building a computer from available components)

discontinuous change: abrupt changes to technology conventional tech s curve

Novice approach to design

Problem- implement solution (doesn’t work)- implement solution (doesn’t work)- implement (doesn’t work)

Double Diamond Model of Design

Design Labs Timelines

Double Diamond Model (Discover, Define, Develop, Deliver)

Business and Design Thinking Venn Diagram

Don Norman’s Human Centered Design Process

IDEO Human Centered Design

Tuckman’s Stages of Groups

Tuckman-Edison Model of Stages

Adam Ferguson 1767

• Manufacturers, prosper most where the mind is least consulted

• People are machines, parts of production

Frederick Taylor

• Started the scientific management movement

• how to extract productivity from someone if you do not know what they can do?

• In the past, the man has been first, in the future, the system must be first

Optimal work

Henry Noll (Knoll/Knolle)

• most famous labourer in in the world

• Fredrick Taylor got him to carry 47 tons of pig iron a day

Taylor’s Four Principles

1) Know-how can be replaced by scientific knowledge

2) The worker can be educated and rewarded for using this knowledge

3) The spirit of cooperation must be instilled between workers and management

4) Management must share a role in organizing the work

Moving assembly line

• henry ford

• take away time from the worker

Karl Marx- The Communist Manifesto 1848

• the extensive use of machinery and the division of labour/work has lost all individual character

• person becomes appendage of the machine

• only simple and monotonous and easy tasks are required of them

One hundred years of productivity growth (dip due to WW1)

W Edwards Deming

• learned to live in a world of mistakes and defective products as if they were necessary to life, time to adopt new philosophy

Deming’s 14 Points

1. Create constancy of purpose towards improvement (replace short term reaction with long term planning)

2. Adopt the new philosophy (management should be doing this, not only workforce)

3. Cease dependance on inspection (variation reduced = no need to inspect items for defect)

4. move towards single supplier for any one item to reduce variations

5. improve constantly and forever

6. institute training on the job

7. institute leadership (leadership is better, supervision is just quota/target based)

8. drive out fear (management by fear is counter productive, prevents worker for acting in organization’s interest)

9. break down barriers between departments (department does not serve management, but other departments that use it’s output)

10. eliminate slogans (mistakes are made by process that people are working within, harassing is counterproductive

11. eliminate management by objectives (encourages the delivery of poor quality goods)

12. remove barriers to pride of workmanship

13. institute education and self-improvement

14. the transformation is everyone’s job

4 stages to Project planning

1. Define- identify project scope, requirements, deliverables

2. Plan- list tasks that need to be complete (gantt/pert charts)

3. Manage- record/ track tasks that need to be complete and the person who should be doing them

4. Close- deliver project archive materials, evaluate team process

Progress of the Tallest Building

Foundations of Computing

• computing is the automation of thought

• first step is formalization: describing process to be automated as a series of simple operations

• Aristotle: developed a set of formal procedures (syllogism) to capture essence of rational thought

• euclid formalizes geometry as a process of proving a series of theorems from a small number of axioms )ex: a=b, b=c, a=c)

Roman Engineering

• service of military, ingenium and roads

• cities, aqueducts, architecture

• houses, glass windows, central heating

Islamic Science and Engineering

• picked up from the hellenes

• science is basis for engineering: engineering is inspired by science and obervation

• Ubn Sina’s (Avicenna’s) Treatise on WIsdom describes lenses, mirrors, automata

• Al-Biruni: against aristotle, said “trouble is with people who belive that Aristotle made no mistakes in his views”

Tech Transfer from Islam- Europe 1100-1400

• Roger II, king of Sicily, hired arab engineers

• Hohenstaufen Kings of Germany inherits Sicily and engineers

• Henry the Navigator, King of Portugal, used Islamic astronomical knowledge to explore new lands

Science in the Renaissance

• Copernicus propsed that earth revolves around sun

• 1561-1626: Begining of the experimental method by Roger Bacon (first experimental scientist)

• Science and engineering still distinct, no steam engine

Francis Bacon (1561-1661)

• founded royal society

• thought to have written some of shakespeare’s plays

• died of pneumonia whole inventing refridgeration

• proposed to seek new knowledge

• The Advancement of Learning: “For as water will not ascend higher than the level of the first springhead from which it descendeth, so knowledge derived from Aristotle and exempt from liberty of examination will not rise again higher than the knowledge of Aristotle

Industrial Revolution

• accelerated due to invention of steam engine

• steam powered looms were invented

• factories started recruiting more workers

• England’s Enclosure Act used to force more workers to factories

• Factories were loud and unpleasant

• Luddites: reject technology/ machinery

20th Century Science and Technology

• In the beginning of the 20th century, science and technology have little in common

• Engineering starts to move into universities

• Science begins to become useful on battlefields WW1

• No degrees, but Edison makes lightbulb 1880, Ford makes first moving assembly line, and Wright Brothers make plane in 1904

• WWI: better guns produce stalemate

• Braking the stalemate: poison gas (1914: xylyl bromodie 1915: chlorine and phosgene 1917: mustard gas)

• The Flamethrower

• Tanks: 1915, UK Inventions Committee headed by General Scott-Moncrief, decided that tanks are impractical and should not be developed

• Triode Valve (ancestor of transistor)

• Becoming a physicists is a big deal, dubbed war heros

Pre-triode vs. post triode engineering

Enigma Coding Machine

The Colossus

• Valve-based computer built at Bletchey Park to crack the Enigma

Cavity Magnetron

German Jet Planes, 1945

V1 Flying Bomber

Cybernetics

Norbert Wiener, founder of cybernetics and control

V-2

V3

• was going to be a gas assisted Supergun

• Germany never built it, but Canadian engineer Gerald Bull brought it back

Enrico Fermi - 1942

• Builds first nuclear reactor in the University of Chicago squash courts

Era of Monster Bombs

20th Century Engineering

• university programs replaced apprenticeships

• information became third raw material

• war is greatest stimulant to engineering advancements

• engineering is increasingly linked to science

• engineering as fashion vs engineering for needs

DARPA

• investigates exotic technologies that may have defense applications

Werner von Braun (to german engineers transforming from the V2 to the US space program)

• “Don’t call yourselves engineers; say you’re scientists and they’ll give you anything you want”

What is engineering (according to an unidentified man at Burnaby bus stop)

• “it is the systematic application of scientific knowledge to the betterment of the human condition”

The Trickledown Theory

Engineering Education

• 1817: Colonel Sylvanus Thayer went to france, came back and had cadets take 4 annual classes requiring reports that were marked

• 1822: Rensselear school goes from 1 year tech program to three years with 1 prep (4 total years)

• 1837: Norwich University awards 1st engineering degreed (master of civil eng after 3 years)

• 1861: MIT established

• Before 1862: in england, trades through apprenticeship. in france, engineering schools are 3 years

• 1862: Homstead act, start of transcontinental railway, land grants for colleges (agriculture and mechanic arts) , roughly 12 eng schools

• 1866-1876: laying of telegraph wire

• 1870: lecture system established, 21 eng schools

• 1872: now 70 eng schools

• 1876: centennial exposition

• 1885: shop work emphasized

• 1893: engineering viewd as a legit form of higher ed, formed a society for education (SPEE)

• 1902: Course in management (cornell and U of Kansas)

• 1900-1914: 13.4 M immigrants created demand for products, major expansion of electrical industry, emphasis on lab in contrast to french method

• 1906: Co-op

• 1914: demand of eng goes up, less agriculture population and more urban population. this manufacturing emerges

Engineering as a scholarly pursuit

• not respectable

• at students more elite

• lower admission standards

• curriculum less demanding

• only needed 3 years to graduate, but 4 years for arts

Eng highlights from 1821-1885

• 1821: first civil program offered at Partridge Academy

• 1854: First mechanical program at Polytechnic College of the Sate of Pennsylvania, Yale university

• 1857: Mining engineering

• 1861: first PhD from Yale (graduate school based on german model)

• 1861: MIT established

• 1882: electrical engineering stems from physics departments (first at MIT then cornell)

• 1885: distinction between schools that emphasize theory vs those that emphasize factory

Engineering from 1914-1940

• automobiles, airplanes, need for fuel, electricity, and demands of WWI

• Aeronautical engineering created

• Start seeing evaluations of engineering programs

• 1918: Prof Mann of U of Chicago calls for unification of engineering programs

• General curricula developed for many occupations

• Graduate programs expand

Engineering from 1941-1968

• WWII showed weakness in engineering education (especially electrical)

• Cold war and space race with Soviet Union

• National defence needs spurring eng education in specific areas

• developments from the war: importance of academic research

• Undergrad designed for employment or grad school

• Study called for diversification of curricula

Years of Formal Education

CEAB Attributes

1. Knowledge base for eng: uni level math, natural science, eng fundamentals, specialized eng knowledge appropriate to the program

2. Problem Analysis: use appropriate knowledge and skills to identify, formulate, analyze, and solve complex problems in order to reach conclusions

3. Investigation: ability to conduct investigations of complex problems by methods that include appropriate experiments, analysis, and interpretation of data, and synthesis of information in order to reach valid conclusions

4. Design: An ability to design solutions for complex, open-ended engineering problems and to design systems, components or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate attention to health and safety risks, applicable standards and economic, environmental, cultural and societal considerations

5. Use of engineering tools: An ability to create, select, apply, adapt and extend appropriate techniques, resources, and modern tools to a range of activities from simple to complex, with associated limitations

6. Individual and team work: An ability to work effectively as a member and leader in teams, in a multi-disciplinary setting

7. Communication skills: an ability to communicate complex concepts with the profession and with society at large. Includes reading, writing, speaking, listening and ability to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation and to give and respond to clear instructions

8. Professionalism: An understanding of the roles and responsibilities of the professional engineer in society, especially the primary role of protection of the public and the public interest

9. Impact of Engineering on Society and the environment: understanding the interactions of engineering and economics, social aspects, health, safety, legal, and culture.

10. Ethics and Equity: an ability to apply ethics, accountability and equity

11. Economics and project management: incorporate project, risk, change management and understand limitations

12. Life long learning: ability to identify and to ad own education needs in changing world to maintain competence and allow them to contribute to advancement of knowledge

Dr. Kevin McCallum

• Former chief engineer for sk ministry of environment

• interested in impacts to air quality

Society and air quality

• examples include building landfills strategically in west because wind blows east-west

Society and water quality

• ex: brain eating amoeba found in texas’ water supply

• held town halls, meetings, pamphlets, letters

• use of bottled water went up

• quick action as impact is immediate and direct

environmentalist vs. environmental engineer

• envronmentalist: focuses on a certain issue

• engineer: wants to solve it

Relating to Design

• Engineers think about solution, and do not consider end-user

• this is wrong, important to think if solution is appropriate

Solar Panels on highway

• panels are sensitive to dirt, rain, clouds, evenings and snow

• panels face south, relative to north star

• peak power is during midday

• on roadways, not appropriate

In class example

Big tech for developing nations

• hydroelectric dams: kamburu dam (kenya), ambuklaod dam (philipines) sanmenxia dam (china)

• big tech fails: expensive, required skilled labour, large social organization, import materials externally

• appropriate tech: clear, cheap, reliable

The Kenya Chavavo Water Project

• water project that used diesel engine to pump water up a hill to another village

• only pumped when diesel was around

• person who collected money for diesel, bought other things

• residents just carried water

Simputer Project

• simple, inexpensive, multi lingual computer is low cost computer for $240 usd

• $240 is not cheap to a villager , market only in western world

Iron Cow

• bike attached to grinding wheel to make grass mulch

• turns grass into something one can eat

• Why would i eat grass?!?!?!?

Successful Technologies

kenya solar lamp

• problem: electricity to only 2% of rural pop

• solution: make electricity to charge battery

kenya jiko

• problem: efficiency, cooking pot would sit on open coals in open air

• solution: ceramic cooking stove with adjustable air supply to improve fuel efficiency

Definition of Sustainability

• Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs - World commission on the environment and development

Energy consumption vs gdp vs population size

17 UN Sustainability Development Goals

A code for corporate citizenship

• “The duty of directors shall be to make money for shareholders but not at the expense of the environment, human rights, public health/ safety, dignity of employees, and the welfare of the community in which a company operates - Corporate attorney Robert Hinkley

• 3 categories: ecology/env, society/people, economy/profit

Triangle model for Ecology, Economy, Equity

Strong vs. week sustainability

Strong: human capital complements natural capital, not inter changeable, natural does not decrease

Weak: human capital substitutes natural capital, human/natural capital does not decrease

Nethrelands’ Ecological Footprint

World Population Growth Through History

Dr. Paul Ehrlich, Professor of Population Studies Stanford University Quote

• “A minimum of 3,500,000 people will starve to death this year, mostly children. But this is a mere handful compared with the numbers that will be starving in a decade or so. And it is now too late to take action to save many of those people’’

Developing vs developed population growth

World Grain Production

Access to improved water supply and sanitation

4 factors that postpone depletion

1. Scarcity increases price, so exploration is justifies

2. extraction methods improve (ex: fracking)

3. Substitutes are developed as price increases (solar vs fossil fuels)

4. Recycling becomes viable (copper from transformers)

The energy system

Price of secondary energy with substitution (keep oil cost same by finding derivatitives)

Global warming

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon Sequestration