KEVINNNN TO THE RESCUE

HISTORY FINAL

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Monk, then priest

Trip to Rome to visit the holy city

University of Wittenberg

Was born in Eisleben, Germany in 1483

Believed in justification by faith

Johann Staupitz

was a Catholic theologian, university preacher, and Vicar General of the Augustinian friars in Germany[2], who oversaw Martin Luther during a critical period in his spiritual life.

St. Peter's Basilica

Largest Christian church in the world. Located in the Vatican City in Italy. The dome was created by Michelangelo.

Johann Tetzel

A monk Luther found offensive because he sold indulgences with the slogan "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."

Ninety-Five Theses

Document written by Martin Luther and posted on a church door in Germany that listed 95 things that Luther saw wrong with the church

Invitation to debate validity of indulgences

Luther's assertion at Leipzig

The pope is not supreme or infallible

The church is not supreme or infallible

The Bible is supreme

Luther's writings - 1520

To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation

• Submit to Gov't

Babylonian Captivity

• Only 2 Sacraments

Freedom of the Christian Man

• Preisthood of believers

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.

Luther Kidnapped by Federick the wise to keep him safe in a castle

Knight George

Luther's alias while he was in hiding at the Castle of Wortburg

1. In the church

2. In the home

3. In education

Luther's Reforms

Sermons

Hymns - A Mighty Fortress

Bible - NT translational

Al in vernacular German

In the church

Marriage - Katharina von Bora

In the home

State education

• Philip Melanchthon

In education

Philip Melanchthon

friend of Martin Luther, he wrote the Confessions of Augsburg, an attempt to unite Lutheran and Catholic princes that failed. The statements made did become the traditional statement of the Lutheran Church.

German Peasants' War

revolt of German lower classes calling for social/political change using the Scriptures

○ Luther supports the nobility

○ Over 100,000 killed

○ Lutheranism loses grassroots support, relies on noble support

Lutheranism

the religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith

Magisterial Reformation

Charles V

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation

Catholics vs Lutherans

Religious war becomes nearly constant in Europe for the next hundred years

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany.

Zwingli

Leader of Swiss Reformation. Agreed to disagree with Luther about communion. He thought it was only a symbol, and that it wasn't Christ's body or blood untill it touched your mouth, only symbolic. Found on the battlefield of the Swiss Civil War wounded and the Lutherans found him, cut him up into little pieces, then burn them and scattered the ashes over the land. Luther said Zwingli got what he deserved.

Magisterial

Differences with Luther on...

• Lord's Supper

◊ Roman Catholic Church- transubstantiation

◊ Luther - Consubstantiation

◊ Zwingli - Remembrance

• War

Differences with Luther on

Anabaptists

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.

Radical reformation

▪ No infant baptism

▪ No state church

▪ Pacifism

Gave rise to Mennonites, Amish, Quakers, Baptists

English Reformation

result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom

Henry VII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Defender of Faith

+ Catherine of Aragon

• Daughter is Mary Tudor(not a son)

Church of England (1534)

• Act of Supremacy

Act of Supremacy

1534 Declared the king to be head of the English church rather than the Pope (created by Henry VIII)

Motivation \= personal

Still catholic just not Roman Catholic

Edward VI

(1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer.

Promotes Protestantism

Dies at age 16

Thomas Cranmer

first archbishop of the Church of England, wrote The Book of Common Prayer

Hugh Latimer

Protestant preacher during the reign of Edward VI who helped Thomas Cranmer lead England to more complete reform

Book of common prayer

the official prayer and liturgical (worship manual) book of Anglicanism.

new service book for England

Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)

Took the English throne in 1553. She was the oldest daughter of Henry VIII, part of the Tudor family, and a devoted Catholic. Married to Philip II of Spain. Helped lead Counter-Reformation against Protestantism. Her goal was to return Britain to the Catholic Church. Nicknamed Bloody Mary because of the 300 Protestants she killed during her reign. Died with no heirs to the throne.

John Calvin/Calvinism

was born in France in 1509. He converted to the Protestant beliefs as a young adult. Although he initially followed the teaching of Martin Luther and the Lutheran Church, he eventually led a new set of beliefs that became known as "Calvinism." Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state

Lawyer then Priest

In Geneva, the Calvinists

strong church government that was hard on immorality and blasphemy reformation

Church + state (Magisterial)

Shelter for refugees

Counter Reformation

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)

Jesuits Order

also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism

• Ignatius Loyola - founder of, former soldier

• Francos Xavier - Co-founder, missionary to Asia

Paul III

1534-49 Roman aristocrat, humanist and astrologer. First of reforming popes (called C of T). Appointed several reform-minded cardinals. Believed in Papal primacy but took office v. seriously - moral & religious force. Authorised Ursuline order of nuns - girls education, & Jesuits.

Index of Banned Books

Catholic List of books that were banned to prevent and ensure books were morally correct

Council of Trent

Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings, forbade the sale of indulgences

Higher quality of priest

Catholic Church becomes more united

Francis I

King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman emperor.

Affairs of the Placards

was an incident in which anti-Catholic posters appeared in public places in Paris and in four major provincial cities. One of the posters was posted on the bedchamber door of King Francis I at Amboise, an affront and a breach of security that left him shaken.

Huguenots vs Catholics

Huguenots and Catholics fought over religion until the Edict of Nantes allowed Huguenots to live in peace.

Bourbon vs Valois

• 8 civil wars

Bourbon

A European Royal family that is most known for its rule of France from the 16th through the 18th centuries.

Valois

Ruling family in France, replaced by the Bourbons after the French Civil War

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

This was the massacre that occurred during the wedding of a Catholic and Huguenot that would resolve the conflict between the two conflicting parties

Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)

Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end.