rhetoric final

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How do Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca define the locus of the irreparable? (cox)

one of the several "lines of argument relating to the preferable"

As a way of organizing our perceptions of a situation involving decision or action, the locus of the irreparable calls attention to what three qualities? (cox)

calls attention to the UNIQUE and PRECARIOUS nature of some object or state of affairs, and stresses the TIMELESSNESS of our relationship to it

In 49 BC, Julius Caesar led his armies across the Rubicon, the border between Gaul and Italy saying, "...the die is cast," openly stating his opposition to the Roman Senate and Pompey's armies. In taking this step, what was Caesar committed to? (cox)

he is committed to "seeing the act through" which removes any further choice

syllogism

a formal deductive argument made up of a major premise, a minor premise, and conclusion. if the premises are true then the conclusion must be true

enthymene

a syllogism with one missing premise, usually supplied by audience

anaphora

the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines

argument from consequence

an argument claiming that a hypothetical cause will produce an anticipated effect

argument from authority

making an argument based on authority or power

argument from definition

using a strategically reasoned definition to support an argument position

argument from principle

argument that values and principles should guide decisions

"we should allow... because its the American way"

crescendo

gradual increase in intensity

climax

conclusion of a sequence of phrases or sentences, each more forceful or intense than that

enactment

argument technique in which the speaker embodies the argument

logos, pathos, ethos

logic, emotion, credibility of speaker

rhetorical form

the raising and fulfilling of expectations in an audience, or structure of a rhetorical act

hyperbole

deliberate and obvious exaggeration used for effect

identification

a proposal which produces a powerful feeling of affinity in the audience with another person or group, often the speaker

kairos

the principle of timely, creative response to a particular action

public vocabulary

culturally established and sanctioned terms that compose people's taken for granted understanding of the world

ideograph

a high-order abstraction representing collective commitment to a particular but equivocal and ill-defined normative goal.

discursive symbolism

language use with a linear structure that operates through reason and not intuition

presentational symbolism

a direct presentation of an individual object that widens our conception of rationality far beyond the traditional boundaries, yet never breaks faith with logic in the strictest sense

gestalt

a pattern or structure whose parts are so integrated that one cannot really describe the pattern simply by referring to the parts.

condensation symbol

a name, word, phrase, or maxim which stirs vivid impressions involving the listener's most basic values

resignification

process in which people reject the connotation of a symbol, expose how the meaning of the symbol is constructed, and attempt to change its connotation

doublespeak

language used in the real world to confuse or deliberately distort its actual meaning rather than to achieve understanding

inflated language

language designed to make ordinary seem extraordinary, to make everyday things seem impressive; to give air of importance to people, situations, or things that would not normally be considered important; to make the simple seem complex

truncated passives

sentences that use a passive verb in order to delete the agent of the action

What marks goal-directed discourse? (hauser)

its careful selection of symbols, construction of appeals, and engagement of listeners

Are the appeals of rhetoric adapted, universal, or neutral appeals? (hauser)

adapted

What are Gregg's six basic patterns of human perception and what do they mean? (hauser)

1. principle of "edging" or formulating "boundaries"- the brain perceives data in terms of wholes

2. rhythm- brain perceives data in terms of motion

3. association- brain perceives identities

4. classification- brain perceives groupings

5. abstraction- brain perceives data from ecological flux of its total environment

6. hierarchy- the brain seeks closure on structures of perception

"All structures invite a particular expectation of patterned development and completion." Why is this important to rhetoric? (hauser)

all our choices of argument, organization, language, action, occasion, setting, medium, and the like are actually choices of structures

What do we imply when we say that "rhetoric is an answer to the questions posed by the situation in which it arises"? (hauser)

that rhetorical acts adopt certain strategies for encompassing these situations

What are associational clusters? (hauser)

terms and ideas that congregate together

What are syllogistic progression, qualitative progression, repetitive form, conventional form, and minor or incidental form, as defined by Kenneth Burke, in the sense that forms work by guiding audience expectations and/or desires? (hauser)

1. syllogistic- form of an argument that is perfectly conducted with each premise leading to the next

2. qualitative- a form in which the presence of one quality prepares us for another

3. repetitive- consistently maintaining a principle by presenting it in different ways

4. conventional- relies on audience recognition of a familiar form

5. minor- devices of expression

What are Hariman's four political rhetorical styles? (hauser) RCRB

1. realist- makes a radical separation between power and the artistry of public performance

2. courtly- develops from relations of those at court with the monarch

3. republican- suited to the types of power in a parliamentary culture

4. bureaucratic-organizes institutional life, such as communication in offices, organizations, and agencies

What are rhetorical proofs and what are the three principal proofs? (keith)

the ways of making a speech persuasive

logos, pathos, ethos

Name and define three commonly accepted patterns of reason on which enthymemes rely. (keith)

1. signs involve one thing indicating another (smoke implies fire)

2. cause and effect are about consequences

3. analogies compare seemingly different things

What is the difference between real and hypothetical examples? (keith)

Name and explain four ways that speakers might create ethos. (keith)

real- things from your own experience of research

hypothetical- made up examples

How is pathos most effectively used? (keith)

when used in harmony with other proofs

What are topoi? (keith)

general forms arguments take

Name and explain four types of general topoi. (keith)

1. more and less likely- if the more likely thing does not happen, the less likely thing will also not happen

2. consistency of motives- if a person has a reason to do something, he or she probably will do it

3. hypocrisy- if standards apply to one person, they should apply to another

4. analogy- if things are alike in an obvious way, they will also be alike in other ways

Name and define Aristotle's five subjects to which special topoi apply. (keith)

1. finances- public funding of the government

2. war and peace- the government and issues about diplomacy

3. national defense- issues about the military

4. imports and exports- the government's trade policy

5. the framing of law- the workings of elected representatives

What is the rhetorical meaning of the word clash? (keith)

when two arguments meet head-on over an issue

What is a stalemate? (keith)

each party contradicts the other

What is the difference between presumption and burden of proof? (keith)

presumption- a tiebreaking principle, a prior decision about who should be given the benefit of the doubt

burden of proof- one side has to prove the other guilty

Know and define the three legal argument stock issues. (keith)

1. fact: what happened?

2. definition: what was it?

3. value: what should be done?

Know and define the five policy argument stock issues. (keith)

1. significance- is the problem significant?

2. inherence- is the cause of the problem inherent in the status quo?

3. plan- the affirmative has to outline a consistent plan and show how it would implement that plan

4. solvency- the affirmative has to show that the plan actually solves the problem

5. disadvantages- the affirmative must argue that the plan doesn't create a problem worse than the one it is supposed to solve

ad personam (keith)

instead of focusing on the argument, the speaker makes judgments or personal attacks about the person(s) advancing the opposite side of the argument

ad populum (keith)

the speaker argues that "if it's popular and lots of people believe it, it must be true"

appeal to authority (keith)

depending on knowledge of an expert

appeal to ignorance (keith)

if originators of argument do not meet burden of proof

guilt by association (keith)

when an arguer jumps to conclusions based on evidence that is irrelevant to the point at issue

post hoc ergo propter hoc (keith)

faulty cause-and-effect reasoning

red herring (keith)

the speaker deliberately takes the argument off point

What are the five essential ingredients of Chomsky's Propaganda Model? (herman)

1) the size, concentrated ownership, owner wealth, and profit oreintation of mass media firms

2) advertising as primary income

3)reliance of media on info provided by gov, business, and "experts"

4) flak as a means of disciplining media

5)"anticommunism" as a national religion and control mechanism

What does he mean by 'flak'? (herman)

negative responses to a media statement or program

How does Chomsky summarize his propaganda approach to media coverage? (herman)

suggests a systematic and highly political dichotomization in news coverage based on serviceability to important domestic power interests

What are the three principal influences on news media and why are they influential? (cavender)

read

In what two ways does corporate power affect the dissemination of the news? (cavender)

1) by getting the viewpoints of big business reported favorably in the mass media

2) by preventing conflicting viewpoints from being reported or stressed

For what three reasons do the authors claim that news has increasingly become a source of entertainment rather than a source of information?(cavender)

1) money is the bottom line