biology final
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316 Terms
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biology
study of living things
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7 characteristics of life
organization, cells, response to stimuli, homeostasis, metabolism, growth, development, reproduction, change through time
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Qualatative
a quality, description
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Quantitative
numbers and length
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percise
close, almost perfect
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accurate
exactly correct
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x-axis
independent, cause, and can be manipulated
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y-axis
dependent, effect, and measured
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constant
wont change
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experimental group
can be changed, tested
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control group
doesn't receive treatment, stays seperated
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Atoms
smallest unit of matter
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Proton
positively charged, in the nucleus
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Nuetron
no charge, inside nucleus
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Electron
negative charge, in the cloud
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Protons can change
the atomic number
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If it has more or less neutrons
isotope
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More or less electrons
ion
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valence electrons bind with
other atoms
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Carbon
4 valence electrons
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covalent bond
share electrons
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ionic bond
recieves or gives
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hydrogen bond
weakest bond, easily broken
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water
polar
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polar
one end is positive, the other is negative
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Macromolecules
large molecules
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Carbohydrates
short fast energy, structure, and support
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Carbohydrate foods
bread, paste, and vegetables
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Element of Carbohydrates
C, H, O
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Carbohydrates ratio
1:2:1
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Monomers
monosaccharides
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Lipids
long term energy
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Lipids make
hormones, estrogen testosteron
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Lipids create
cell membrane, phospholipids
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Element of lipids
C, H, O
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nonpolar
equal sharing of electrons
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Lipids are not soluble in
water
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lipids have 9
calaries
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solid at room temperature
saturated
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lipids are
non-saturated
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Phospholipids are made of
phosphate groupes
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Phopholipids make up
cell membrane
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The phosphate group loves water
hydropholic
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phospholipid heads hate water
hydrophobic
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Protiens
most diverse macromolecule
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protiens have 4
calaries
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our bodies dont prefer to burn
protiens
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Proteins make
enzymes, antibodies, and muscles
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Element of proteins
C,H,O,N
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monomer of proteins
amino acids, 20
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amino acid chain (protein)
polypeptide chain
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R group
determines which amino acid group it is
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Function is determined by
shape
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reactants of an enzyme
substrates
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Protiens have
lower activation energy
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radiation, temperature, and pH
denature/ destroy proteins
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nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
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DNA
stores genetic information, double helix
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RNA
Makes proteins, single strand
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Nucleic acids have
0 calaries
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Nucleic acids cant be
broken down
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Monomer
nucleotide
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4 nucleotides
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
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building polymers
dehydration reaction
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To build polymers you must
link monomers
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how to bond to monosaccharides
Removes a water molecule (gives off water)
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breaking polymers
hydrolysis
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Hydrolysis
Breaks big polymers into smaller monomers
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when water is added
water forces its way in and breaks bonds
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chemical reaction
the breaking and reforming of chemical bonds
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why is energy added in a chemical reaction
to break bonds
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when is energy released in chemical reactions
when bonds are formed
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activation energy
the amount of energy you need to make a chemical reaction start
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Products
substances that are changed during a reaction
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Reactants
substances that are made by a chemical reaction
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cell
most basic unit of life
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What are all living things made of
one or more cells
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where do cell come from
other cells
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Unicellular
one cell
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Multicellular
many cells
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what two types of cells are there
eukaryotic and prokaryotic
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Organells
specialized structures within the cell that work together to help the cell function
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cell membrane
phosphate head, 2 fatty acids
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Cell membrane model
fluid mosaic model
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receptor proteins
detect ligands
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What can pass easily through the cell membrane
Small, non-polar, hydrophobic, neutral molecules and water
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What cannot pass easily through the cell membrane?
polar and large molecules
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passive transport
not ATP
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what does active transport need
ATP needed
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3 types of passive transport
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
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Diffusion
normal things
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facilitated diffusion
down a protein channel
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Osmosis
water diffusion, hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic.
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active transports
goes from low to high,
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3 types of active transport
molecular pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis
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Molecular pumps
facilitated diffusion with energy
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Endocytosis
cells use energy to take it in
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Exocytosis
cells use energy to take things out
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Pathogens
disease causing agents
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Bacteria structure
Has Cell Wall Has Cell Membrane Has Cytoplasm
Note 
Flashcards (32)