Anatomy Final Review

ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament)

extends from ciliary processes to lens and holds lens in position

Aqueous humor

fluid in the eye, found between the cornea and the lens

Sclera

white part of the eye

optic disc (blind spot)

*site where optic nerve leaves the eye
*lacks photoreceptors

Ciliary body

Structure surrounding the lens that connects the choroid and iris. It contains ciliary muscles, which control the shape of the lens, and it secretes aqueous humor.

Choroid

middle, vascular layer of the eye, between the retina and the sclera

Canal of Schlemm

duct in the anterior chamber that carries filtered aqueous humor to the veins and bloodstream

Retina

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

Vitreous humor

jellylike substance found behind the lens in the posterior cavity of the eye that maintains its shape; refracts light

fovea centralis and macula

specialized region for high cone density (color and acuity)

Lens

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

Cornea

the transparent layer forming the front of the eye.

Iris

a ring of smooth muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

optic nerve

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

rods

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray

cones

retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

pupil

the adjustable opening in the center of the iris through which light enters

nose (nasal cavity)

warms, moistens, & filters air as it is inhaled

pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

larynx (voice box)

allows for production of sound when air passes over it

epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the trachea (windpipe) and prevents food from entering.

trachea (windpipe)

passageway for air to the bronchi

bronchus (bronchi)-primary, secondary, tertiary

branch of the trachea that is a passageway into the lung; there is 1 per lung

bronchioles

smallest branches of the bronchi; inside the lungs

alveoli

air sacs at the ends of the bronchioles; site where gas exchange occurs

thoracic cavity

chest cavity; contains heart and lungs

lungs

two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration

diaphragm

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the thoracic cavity that helps with breathing

gyrus (gyri)

ridges on the brain

sulcus (sulci)

shallow grooves

white matter of brain

myelinated axons

gray matter of brain

cell bodies

cerebrum

Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.

cerebellum

the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance

brain stem

Connection to spinal cord. Filters information flow between peripheral nervous system and the rest of the brain.

functions of brain stem

Produces automatic behaviors necessary for survival
Acts as passageway for all tracts running from cerebrum to spinal cord
Involved with innervation to face and head

functions of cerebellum

~ Coordinate skeletal muscle activity
~ Maintains balance (equilibrium)
~Maintains muscle tone and controls postural muscles

parietal lobe of brain

perception, making sense of the world, arithmetic, spelling

temporal lobe of brain

memory, understanding, language

occipital lobe of brain

visual processing

frontal lobe of brain

receive and coordinate messages from other
lobes and are responsible for motor control, speech production, and higher functions, such as thinking, personality, emotion, and memory.

layers of protection for brain

hair, scalp, skull, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain-barrier

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

physiological barrier between the circulatory system and the central nervous system that establishes a privileged blood supply, restricting the flow of substances into the CNS

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

plasma-like clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord

heart

A hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

coronary

relating to the heart

artery

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

vein

A blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart.

capillary

A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells.

aorta

Largest artery in the body

Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)

returns blood from portions of the body below the heart

Superior Vena Cava (SVC)

returns blood from portions of the body above the heart

pulmonary artery

artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs

pulmonary vein

one of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

How many chambers does the heart have?

four

Right atrium

the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus

Right ventricle

receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery

Left atrium

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

Left ventricle

receives blood from the left atrium and pumps the blood into the aorta for transport to the body cells

Septum

Divides the right and left chambers of the heart

coronary artery disease

atherosclerosis (hardening) of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle

heart attack (myocardial infarction)

blood flow to the heart is completely blocked and oxygen cannot reach the cells in the region that is blocked

Valves of the heart

mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only; between chambers

heart murmur

an abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves

blood pressure

the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels

systolic pressure

Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.

diastolic pressure

Blood pressure when the heart is relaxed

120/80 mm Hg

normal blood pressure

140/90 or higher

hypertension (high blood pressure)

congestive heart failure

A condition resulting from the heart's inability to pump out all the blood that returns to it; blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart, causing an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body

stenotic valve

narrowed valve

Purpose of reproduction

to continue the species

gamete

specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction

male gamete

sperm cell

female gamete

ovum

process of gamete formation

gametogenesis

location of spermatogenesis

seminiferous tubules (in testes)

specific name for sperm formation

spermatogenesis

specific name for ovum formation

oogenesis

location of oogenesis

ovaries

testes

male gonads

ovaries

female gonads

Testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

Estrogens

sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics.

Progesterone

hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women

Leutenizing Hormone (LH)

released by the pituitary gland in both sexes; stimulates secretion of sex hormones by gonads in both sexes; stimulates ovulation in females

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

stimulates production of ova and sperm

seminiferous tubules

Narrow, coiled tubules that produce sperm in the testes.

vas deferens/ductus deferens

tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

Epidymis

a highly convoluted duct behind the testis, along which sperm passes to the vas deferens.

seminal vesicles and prostate gland

add alkaline fluid that nourishes the sperm and provides protection from the natural acidity of the vagina

penis

Male reproductive organ

semen

the combination of sperm and seminal fluid

uterus

A hollow, pear-shaped, muscular organ in the pelvic cavity of the female, held in place by the broad ligment, in which the embryo implants, is nourished and develops before birth;

cervix

neck of the uterus

fallopian tube (oviduct)

female organ that connects the ovary to the uterus; place where fertilization usually takes place

vagina

A muscular, elastic tube that extends from the cervix to outside of the body

ovulation

The process of releasing a mature ovum into the fallopian tube each month

menstrual cycle

regular sequence of events in which an egg develops and is released from the body; regulated by hormones

fertilization

Fusion of an egg and sperm cell