CPAR - History of Philippine Art

Philippine Artistic Heritage

Before the arrival of colonizers, ancient Filipinos have long been making arts that are anchored on their spirituality, worldviews, and day-to-day living.

weaving

It is a traditional art form that involves fibers being spun, measured, cut, and mounted in a wooden platform.

Tingkep

Baskets made by the Palaw'an tribe located in Palawan.

Hinabol

Textile weaving of the Higaonon people of Bukidnon. This textile serves as a gift, dowry, offering to the spirits, and a piece offering when there are community conflicts.

tapis

Woven textile originated from the Kalinga people in Cordillera. It is a rectangular cloth women wear as a wraparound skirt.

pottery clay

It is found near riverbanks that is still used in traditional pottery.

Manunggul Jar

It is a secondary burial jar excavated from a Neolithic burial site in Tabon Caves at Lipuun Point in Palawan.

pottery

Objects (usually vessels) made of clay and hardened by firing

carving

The art of using tools to shape something of a material by scraping away it's portions. During the pre-colonial period, our ancestors used this art to create representations of their gods and deities.

Angono Petroglyphs

It is estimated to be carved around 3000 BC, it depicts 127 animal and human figures. It is also believed to be the oldest work of art in the Philippines. It was accidentally discovered by Carlos Botong Francisco in Binangonan, Rizal.

Ornamentations

Indigenous communities wear ornaments that are commonly made of gold and precious stones.

tattooing

It was also known as a known body modification in the pre-colonial period until today.

Kandit

It is a symbol of power and is often worn by the royalties in indigenous societies in Mindanao.

music

Even before the colonizers came, our Filipino ancestors already possessed a colorful musical culture that often performed in rituals, celebrations, and for mere entertainment.

kudyapi

Two-stringed, boat-shaped lute. Originated from the Tagbanua people in Palawan.

Kulintang

Array of bossed gongs. Gansa being the flat gong while the Agong/agung is the large bossed gong.

dance

Music is always accompanied by traditional dances that are inspired by the movements of animals, humans, and other elements from nature.

Tayaw

a traditional Ibaloi dance that is performed for different occasions. They mimic the movements of the birds.

rituals

A shaman may facilitate rituals that feature dances, chants, and musical instruments. Offerings of pigs and chickens may also be given to the spirits.

Kanyaw/cañao

It is practiced by the Ifugao people in the Cordillera region. It is facilitated by a mumbaki, or the shaman, and it is usually performed during important events, such as wedding, birth of a child, death of a member of the community, or during the performance of healing.

architecture

It began as a response to nature.

Fire

It was the marking used by the ancient Filipinos to serve as a site for dwelling, rituals, and other gatherings.

Tabon cave

The largest and oldest cave dwelling found in southwest of Palawan, dating back to about 30,000 years ago.

Literature

Ancient Filipinos have their own writing systems before the coming of colonizers.

baybayin

Writing system used in the Tagalog region.

Surat Mangyan

Writing system used by the Hanunu'o and Tau-Buhid Mangyan

Surat

Writing system used by the Tagbanua and Palaw'an peoples.

Kulitan

Writing system used by ancient Kapampangan people.

Islamic arts

Prior to the Spaniards, Islam already made its way in southern regions in the Philippines because of trade with our ancestors.

Sayyid Abubakar of Arabia

Established the Sulu Sultanate in the 15th century.

Tawhid

The oneness and unity of God (Allah)

okir/ukkir

curvilinear decorations; high spirited wavelike patterns

Torogan

the ancestral home for the datu class and royal family or maranao house are called \_________

Sarimanok

A mythical creature which is a typical motif in most Mindanao or Muslim design.

Abdulmari Asia Imao

Popularized Sarimanok and ukil of muslims and regional leaders as original Filipino Creations.

Spanish colonial legacy

The arrival of Spaniards brought dynamic changes in the lives of ancient Filipinos, specifically in Luzon and Visayas. Through the Viceroy of Mexico, Spain brought the Catholic faith.

saints/santos

The carving of deities and images of indigenous spirituality was replaced by \________ during the Spanish Colonial Period.

urnas and virinas

Small sculptures of saints.

urnas

Miniature altar pieces with niches where small santos are kept.

virinas

small santos protected under cylindrical glass globes.

Retablo

the Spanish word for altarpiece. A decorative screen set behind an altar

Tipos del Pais

A style of watercolor painting that shows the different types of inhabitants in the Philippines in their different native costumes that show their social status and occupation during colonial time.

Langit, Lupa, Impyerno

This wall painting by Josef Luciano Dans will be found in St. James the Apostle Church in Paete, Laguna. This painting was dated 1850 and depicts the heaven, crucifixion of Christ; earth, Adan and Eve; and hell, sinners with different transgressions.

Ambaristo Revolt/Basi Revolt

It was painted by Esteban Villanueva. It depicts the Ilocos revolt against the basi (wine) monopolization of the Spaniards.

Damian Domingo y Gabor

Father of Filipino Painting, "The first great Filipino painter."

Academia de Dibujo y Pintura

First formal art school established in 1823

Letras y Figuras

The art form is distinguished by the depiction of letters of the alphabet using a genre of painting that contoured shapes of human figures, animals, plants, and other objects called Tipos del Pais developed by Jose Honorato Lozano.

ilustrados

The wealthy and highly-educated Filipinos during the Spanish period.

Juan Luna y Novicio

was a Filipino painter, sculptor and a political activist of the Philippine Revolution during the late 19th century.

Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo

One of the greatest Filipino painters along with fellow painter Juan Luna in the 19th century

His work has a touch of Romanticism and aesthetics of the Neoclassicism

Spoliarium

The chamber beneath an arena where bodies of dead gladiators are dragged and piled. It was painted by Juan Luna and it is the largest painting in the Philippines.

baro't saya

Traditional blouse and skirt for women that was made during the Spanish period.

nipis

It was woven from fibers of abaca plant.

crucifixes

Replaced the traditional talismans and amulets worn by pre-colonial Filipinos.

Juan Rodriguez Angel

Archbishop in Manila in 1742, taught western church music

laud

Spanish of "lute"

Kundiman

It is the traditional means of serenading loved ones with love songs that express sentiments of love.

Harana

It is a form of Kundiman that is an old Filipino courtship tradition of serenading women.

Julian Felipe

Composer of the Philippine National Anthem (1898)

Jose Palma

Author of the Spanish lyrics of the Philippine National Anthem (1899)

Zarzuela

Spanish traditional form of musical comedy.

Walang Sugat

It is a Zarzuela written by Severino Reyes

Honorato "Atang" dela Rama

Awarded as a National Artist for Theater and Music. First Filipina film actress.

Bodabil

A stage show but not a stage play that was composed mainly of songs, dances, and skits.

Komedya De Santo/Religious Komedya

Centers on the life of Jesus or any saint.

Moro-moro

Most popular secular comedy wherein the story revolves on the love-story of Christian hero and Islamic heroine or vice-versa.

Senakulo

dramatization of the pasyon, it shows the passion and death of Christ.

Salon de Pertierra

First movie-theater house in the Philippines that was established in March 1896.

Bahay kubo

Style of dwelling of the lowland areas that is comprised of a triangular roof, free-standing support and elevated house cube

Bahay na bato

Spanish Colonial houses built with stone base and wood construction. An evolved bahay kubo with improved air circulation and lighting.

Fabian dela Rosa (1869 - 1937)

He is the most renowned and considered the brightest name in Filipino painting during the first quarter of the 19th century.

Fernando Amorsolo

He is best known for his illuminated landscape paintings and his works are characterized by striking colors and character of the country's magnificent sunlight. He designed the logo for Ginebra San Miguel which depicts St. Michael defeating the devil.

Don Enrique Zobel

He sent Amorsolo to Academia de San Fernando in Madrid, Spain to improve his skills and knowledge in arts.

Guillermo Tolentino

Father of Philippine Sculpture. Sculptor of UP Oblation and the Bonifacio Monument.

Traje de Mestiza

A modern version of Maria Clara that was popularized in the early 1900s.

Francisco Santiago

"Father of the Kundiman" and belongs to the "Triumvirate of Filipino Composers." "Anak Dalita" is one of his notable works.

Bayan Ko

Originally written in Spanish by General Jose Alejandro. The song that continued to be sung throughout the trying period of the Revolution, almost like a second national anthem and which gave fire to the Filipino spirit. Its lyrics were written by Jose Corazon de Jesus way back in 1928.

Sedation Law

This law prohibited any Filipino from advocating Philippine independence or its separation from the United States.

Drama Simbolico

A one-act play came to represent a deep and profound yearning for freedom.

Tanikalang Ginto (1902)

Written by Juan Abad

Hindi Ako Patay (1903)

Written by Juan Matapang-Cruz

Ngayon, Kahapon, at Bukas

An anti-imperialist play by Aurelio Tolentino that was first presented in Teatro Libertad in Manila on May 14, 1903.

A Modern Filipina

First Filipino play written in English by Lino Castillejo and Jesusa Araullo in 1915.

vaudeville/bodabil

Originated from France, it was another form of theater which the Americans introduced that became popular in the Philippines during the 1920s.

La Vida de Jose Rizal

It was known to be the first feature film produced in the Philippines.

Jose Nepomuceno

Father of Philippine Movies/Cinema. He produced "Dalagang Bukid"

Patria Amore (Beloved Country)

Was almost suppressed due to anti-Spanish sentiment.

Punyal na Ginto (1933)

First talkie, completely sound, all-talking motion picture in the Philippines.

City Beautiful Movement

Movement in environmental design that drew directly from the beaux arts school. Architects from this movement strove to impart order on hectic, industrial centers by creating urban spaces that conveyed a sense of morality and civic pride, which many feared was absent from the frenzied new industrial world.

Neoclassical Architecture

It is a style of architecture that is used in government structures and public parks and spaces to make the city attractive.

Art Deco

Descended from Art Nouveau, this movement of the 1920s and 1930s sought to upgrade industrial design in competition with "fine art" and to work new materials into decorative patterns that could be either machined or handcrafted. Characterized by streamlined, elongated, and symmetrical design. It features geometric shapes, clear and precise lines and decorations, with relaxed and natural forms.

Andres Luna de San Pedro

He designed the First United Building in Escolta, Manila.

Philippine Modern Art

It signifies the overall aesthetic of art produced in the 20th century, to the early 70's.

Victorio Edades

Father of Philippine Modern Art. Father of Modern Filipino Painting.

The Builders (1928)

Depicts distorted, naked working men, covered in sweat and grime. Painted by Victorio Edades.

Victorio Edades, Carlos Botong Francisco, Galo Ocampo

Triumvirate of Modern Art in the Philippines

Nature's Bounty

Trademark of Carlos Francisco

Brown Madonna (1938)

By Galo Ocampo. Filipinized version of Madonna and the Child.