referred to collectively as the capillary tuft. It resembles as
sieve
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Location of glomerulus
within the Bowman's capsule.
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non-selective filter for plasma substances with molecular weights
molecular weights of less than
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with molecular weights of less than
A non-selective filter for plasma substances w
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Normally, the fluid leaving the glomerulus has a specific gravity of
1.010
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as it leaves the glomerulus shows the filtrate to have a specific gravity of 1.010 and confirms that it is chemically an ultrafiltrate of plasma.
Analysis of the fluid
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the glomerulus shows the filtrate to have a specific gravity of \_______ and confirms that it is chemically an ultrafiltrate of plasma
1.010
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Measurement of renal plasma filtered
Approximately 120 mL/min, or one fifth,
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How the renal plasma is filtered?
through the glomeruli forming what is known as the ultrafiltrate,
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ultrafiltrate
the fluid resulting from the initial filtration of metabolic by-products from the filtered blood within the tubule of the kidney
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Approximately 120 mL/min, or one fifth, of the renal plasma is filtered through the glomeruli forming what is known as\________________________is further processed as it travels through the nephron
ultrafiltrate
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has the same composition as blood plasma but it is normally free of protein except for about 10 mg/dL of low molecular weight protein
Ultrafiltrate
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The ultrafiltrate has the same composition as blood plasma but it is normally free of protein except for about
10 mg/dL of low molecular weight protein
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PLASMA FILTRATE MUST PASS THROUGH THREE CELLULAR LAYERS:
1\. CAPILLARY WALL MEMBRANE
2\. BASEMENT MEMBRANE
3\. VISCERAL EPITHELIUM OF BOWMAN'S CAPSULE
\
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BARRIER'S THAT PROHIBITS THE FILTRATION OF LARGE MOLECULES
• THE CAPILLARY WALL OF GLOMERULUS IS FENESTRATED
• INTERTWINING FOOT PROCESSES - PODOCYTES \n • SHIELD OF NEGATIVITY - REPELS MOLECULES WITH A NEGATIVE CHARGE EVEN MOLECULES ARE SMALL ENOUGH TO PASS (EXAMPLE: ALBUMIN)
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THE CAPILLARY WALL OF GLOMERULUS IS
FENESTATED
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INTERTWINING FOOT PROCESSES
podocytes
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Shield of negativity
- REPELS MOLECULES WITH A NEGATIVE CHARGE EVEN MOLECULES ARE SMALL ENOUGH TO PASS (EXAMPLE: ALBUMIN)
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GLOMERULAR PRESSURE
JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS- MAINTAINS THE GLOMERULAR BLOOD PRESSURE
• A. JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELL -FOUND IN THE AFFERENT ARTERIOLE, SECRETES THE RENIN ENZYME \n • B. MACULA DENSA -FOUND IN THE DCT, SENSOR OF CHANGE IN BLOOD PRESSURE
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MAINTAINS THE GLOMERULAR BLOOD PRESSURE
JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS
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FOUND IN THE AFFERENT ARTERIOLE, SECRETES THE RENIN ENZYME
JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELL
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FOUND IN THE DCT, SENSOR OF CHANGE IN BLOOD PRESSURE
MACULA DENSA
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IF IT WERE NOT FOR\____________, ALL ROUTINE URINES WOULD HAVE POSITIVE REAGENT STRIP READINGS FOR PROTEIN/ALBUMIN.
THE SHIELD OF NEGATIVITY
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DILATION OF AFFERENT ARTERIOLE, CONSTRICTION OF EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
DECREASE BLOOD PRESSURE
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CONSTRICTION OF AFFERENT ARTERIOLE, DILATION OF EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
INCREASE BLOOD PRESSURE
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RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS)
a hormone cascade pathway that helps regulate blood pressure and blood volume
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A system regulates the flow of blood to and within the glomerulus
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS)
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RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS) system responds to the?
blood pressure and plasma sodium content that are monitored by the juxtaglomerular apparatus
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blood pressure and plasma sodium content that are monitored by?
juxtaglomerular apparatus
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consists of the juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent arteriole and the macula densa of the distal convoluted tubule
juxtaglomerular apparatus
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Controls the regulation of the flow of blood to and within the glomerulus.
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS)
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Primary electrolyte affected when RAAS is activated:
• 1. Dilation of the afferent arteriole and constriction of the efferent arteriole
• 2. Stimulation of sodium reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule
• 3. Triggers the adrenal cortex to release the sodium-retaining hormone, aldosterone, to cause reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct \n • 4. Trigger release of antidiuretic hormone by the hypothalamus to stimulate water reabsorption in the collecting duct
\
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It dilates the afferent arteriole and constriction of the efferent arteriole
Functions of RAAS
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RAAS stimulates the \______________________ in the proximal convoluted tubule
sodium reabsorption
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Stimulation of sodium reabsorption happens in the
proximal convoluted tubule
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Triggers the adrenal cortex to release the sodium-retaining hormone, aldosterone, to cause reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
Functions of RAAS
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RAAS trigger the adrenal cortex to release
the sodium-retaining hormone, aldosterone, to cause reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
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Triggers the adrenal cortex to release the sodium-retaining hormone, aldosterone, to cause reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in
n the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
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RAAS triggers and release \______________ hormone by the hypothalamus to stimulate water reabsorption in the collecting duct
Antidiuretic hormone
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The body must not lose \_________of water-containing essential substances every minute
120ml
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The loss of tubular function is capability is often the first function affected
the substance to be reabsorbed must combine with a carrier protein contained in the membranes of the renal tubular cells. This transport requires energy
Active transport
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the movement of molecules across a membrane as a result of differences in their concentration or electrical potential on opposite sides of the membrane. It is Characterized by movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration
Passive transport
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Active Transport substance
Glucose, Amino acid, Salts
Chloride
Sodium
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Active Transport location
\-Proximal convoluted tubule
\-Ascending loop of Henle \n -PCT and DCT
\
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Passive Transport substance
Water
Urea 40% are (reabsorbed)
Sodium
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Passive Transport location
PCT, DCT, DLH -Proximal convoluted tubule
ascending loop of Henle
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Takes place in all parts of the nephron except the ALH.
Passive reabsorption of water
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Sodium is actively transport in all part of the nephron except in
the Ascending loop of henle
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Denoted Tm, the maximal rate of reabsorption of a solute by the tubular epithelium per minute (milligrams per minute). Reabsorptive capacity varies with each solute and depends on the glomerular filtration rate
Maximal Tubular reabsorptive capacity
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varies with each solute and depends on the glomerular filtration rate
Reabsorptive capacity
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transport maximum (Tm)
the maximal rate of secretion or reabsorption of a substance by the renal tubules.
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Maximal Tubular reabsorptive capacity - Denoted Tm, the maximal rate of reabsorption of a solute by the tubular epithelium per
minute (milligrams per minute)
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Where does active transport stops is termed the renal threshold
The plasma concentration
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Sodium renal threshold is
110-130 mmol/L
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Where does renal concentration begins?
In the descending and ascending loop of henle and the final concentration of urine continues to the Collecting Duct.
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Where does the final concentration of urine continues?
To the Collecting Duct
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In renal concentration water is remove by?
by osmosis in the descending loop of Henle
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Renal absorption it is reabsorbed in the ascending loop
Sodium and chloride
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In renal concentration it is removed by osmosis in the descending loop
Water
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The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane in an attempt to achieve an osmotic equilibrium between two compartments or solutions of differing osmolality (i.e., an osmotic gradient). This mechanism is passive, that is, it requires no energy
Osmolality
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Excessive reabsorption of water as the filtrate passes through the highly concentrated \_____________ is prevented by the water impermeable walls of the ascending loop
medulla
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what does the water impermeable walls of the ascending loop prevented?
Excessive reabsorption of water as the filtrate passes through the highly concentrated medulla
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countercurrent mechanism
Part of the process by which the kidneys concentrate urine
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countercurrent mechanism
Excessive reabsorption of water as the filtrate passes through the highly concentrated medulla is prevented by the water impermeable walls of the ascending loop
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serves to maintain the osmotic gradient of the medulla
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Flashcard (117)